A Comprehensive   Review on Chikungunya Virus Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, Treatment and Current Vaccine Development

Suraj Kedar, Prasad Harad, Bhavesh Mohape, Om Farde, Amin Shaikh, Manas Dandkar, Sarthak Bhusal, Niranjan Kene, Vaishnav Dinkar, Rushikesh Nirmal , Aradhya Sase,

doi:10.5281/zenodo.16976903

Review Paper | Open Access
Volume 02 | Issue 08 | Article Id IJSRT/250308045

A Comprehensive Review on Chikungunya Virus Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, Treatment and Current Vaccine Development
Suraj Kedar* Prasad Harad Bhavesh Mohape Om Farde Amin Shaikh Manas Dandkar Sarthak Bhusal Niranjan Kene Vaishnav Dinkar Rushikesh Nirmal Aradhya Sase
Research Scholar, Siddhis Institute of Pharmacy, Nandgaon Murbad Thane 421401

Abstract

The current outbreak in the Americas was caused by the re-emerging mosquito-borne alphavirus called the Chikungunya virus (CHIKV). The Americas' immunologically native population encourages the spread of diseases. The current outbreak in the Americas was caused by the re-emerging mosquito-borne alphavirus known as the Chikungunya virus. The Americas' immunologically native population encourages the spread of diseases.Maculopapular rash, polyarthralgia, and a sudden feverish sickness are the hallmarks of chikungunya fever. Shock or major bleeding are extremely uncommon with chikungunya fever; the illness has a more violent start and a shorter fever duration than dengue. The illness is now prevalent throughout the nation, with outbreaks causing significant losses in production and the economy. Chronicity, severe infections, elevated hospitalization risks, and related mortality are all part of the burden of chikungunya disease. The illness can have a substantial influence on national economies and the health system, among other areas of the economy. It is crucial to comprehend and quantify the entire effects of this reemerging illness.Chronicity, severe infections, elevated hospitalization risks, and related mortality are all part of the burden of chikungunya illness. The illness has the potential to have a substantial influence on both national economies and the health system in a number of ways. It is crucial to comprehend and quantify the whole consequences of this reemerging illness.

Keywords

Chikungunya, Epidemiology, Classification, Pathogenesis, Vaccine , Diagnosis ,Treatment , prevention , Clinical Manifestations

Introduction

The alphavirus known as chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is spread via mosquitoes. Chikungunya, which translates to "disease that bends up the joints," is a phrase used by the Makonde people of Tanzania to characterize the illness. Following its initial isolation, CHIKV only sometimes produced outbreaks in Asia and Africa over the next fifty years (about). Despite having a low death rate, CHIKV causes severe morbidity that significantly lowers the quality of life for those who are sick and causes large financial losses, particularly in underdeveloped nations. Additional symptoms, however mild, have also been described; these might include headache, rash, myalgia, and incapacitating polyarthralgia and arthritis. The Zika virus (ZIKV) and dengue fever (DENV) are two well-known arbovirus-induced illnesses that are often misdiagnosed due to the simultaneous circulation of the two viruses in the same area.^[1],[2] Even while the infection often resolves on its own, some individuals experience chronic joint pain months or years after the acute phase of the illness. More than five hundred years ago, CHIKV was brought to Asia from Africa. The Indian Ocean lineage (IOL) sublineage is another division of the ECSA.^[3]These genotypes are now widely distributed, with Asian and ECSA genotypes being the most common. Intriguingly, these genotypes showed variations in their cycles of transmission. Assumptions regarding CHIKV infection have suggested that the virus may have developed into a more severe form of the illness, with cases of fulminant hepatitis and involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) being documented. Although CHIKV infection is thought to have a low death rate, there have been theories that it may have developed into a more severe form. ^[5]However, with the infectious mechanisms and related pathologies from the early outbreaks of the twenty-first century being inadequately documented, the gap in CHIKV severe illness may simply be the result of a lack of data. An estimated 775,000 people were infected by CHIKV during this outbreak in 2006, which resulted in 237 fatalities. An alanine to valine mutation at position 226 in the El envelope glycoprotein (E1-A226V) of CHICKV isolates was discovered by further examination of genome microevolution during the 2006 Réunion epidemic. This change, which is present in more than 90% of Réunion Island's viral sequences, was linked to a marginally higher rate of transmission by Ae. albopictus, indicating that the virus has a better capacity to multiply in naturally low-cholesterol insect cells.^[4] Because of its historical significance, La Réunion Island is red in hue. excludes cases that are imported. Despite Alaska being a blue-colored U.S. territory, no CHIKV transmission was reported there.