Amin Shaikh*
Pratiksha Ravankole
Priyanka Konde
Diabetes mellitus is a long-term illness where the amount of sugar (glucose) in the blood becomes too high. This happens because the body does not make enough insulin. If diabetes is not treated, it can cause serious health problems like stroke, heart disease, or even death. Type 2 diabetes is more common than type 1. About 425 million people in the world have diabetes. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), diabetes cases have gone up to 4.7%, and it may become the seventh biggest cause of death in the world by 2030.Insulin is very important to control diabetes. In type 1 diabetes, the body’s cells that make insulin (called beta cells) are destroyed, so no insulin is made. In type 1A diabetes, this happens because the immune system attacks these cells. Type 1B (idiopathic diabetes) happens when beta cells are lost, but the cause is unknown. Type 2 diabetes is usually linked to family history, lifestyle, and environment. Gestational diabetes happens during pregnancy when the body makes less insulin, which raises blood sugar levels1.Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) happens when the beta cells in the pancreas (found in the islets of Langerhans) are destroyed. These cells make insulin, so their loss causes a complete lack of insulin in the body. Type 1A diabetes, also called insulin-dependent diabetes, is caused by the immune system attacking and destroying the beta cells. The speed of destruction can be different for different people. Type 1B diabetes, or idiopathic diabetes, is when beta cells are lost but there is no clear immune system attack or other known reason for insulin deficiency2.
10.5281/zenodo.17197138