Mayur Pawar*
Rushikesh Patkal
Pratiksha Bhalekar
The oral route is the most widely used administration method for systemic as well local activity. Most likely, at least 90% of all medications are administered orally. Among the medications administered orally, the solid dose form is the most favored product class. Because it is easy to swallow, painless, and adaptable to many kinds of medications, the oral route is the one that is most frequently given. Traditional drug delivery methods are unable to address the problems caused by the gastrointestinal tract, including insufficient drug release, reduced dose efficacy, and frequent dose requirements. Consequently, the development of GRDDS may result from the inability of traditional drug delivery methods to keep medications in the stomach. These systems have various advantages, including the capacity to target delivery in the stomach, improve drug absorption, and boost the therapeutic efficiency of medications by prolonging the gastric residence time (GRT) of dose forms in the stomach for several hours. Furthermore, GRDDS can improve controlled drug delivery by releasing the medication continuously for a long time at the appropriate rate and to the appropriate absorption site until the drug is fully released from the dosage form.
• Gastro can retentive drug delivery system:
Gastroprotective drug delivery systems (GRDDS) are dosage forms that can be stored in the stomach. Because it increases the bioavailability of the drug by prolonging the stomach's retention time, decrease drug waste, and increase the solubility of drugs with lower solubility in a high pH environment, the gastro retentive drug delivery system (GRDDS) has emerged as the most popular drug delivery system of today. The gastric retentive (GR) system may also be advantageous for medications that act locally in the stomach or have poorer stability in the lower GI tract. One kind of controlled release drug delivery system that can stay in the gastrointestinal tract for a long time while changing the GIT's motility and gastric emptying time is the gastro-retentive system.
• An Ideal drug delivery system should possess two main properties:
1) There should only be one dose given during the period of treatment.
2) The location of action should receive the active medication directly.
A controlled-release drug delivery device that can be held in the stomach is called a gastro-retentive drug delivery system. By releasing the drug for a considerable amount of time before the absorption window, they can aid in the optimization of oral controlled administration of medications with a "absorption window," guaranteeing superior bioavailability. Both when fasting and when eating, the stomach empties. But there are differences in the two states' migratory trends. A short stomach residence duration and an inconsistent gastric emptying rate are two issues with oral controlled release dosage forms, per gastric emptying studies.
• Need For GRDDS:
Although conventional dosage forms are most frequently used to treat a variety of ailments, they have a number of significant drawbacks, including the fact that they are not site-specific; many medications are only absorbed at a certain location or must be released at a targeted site in order to provide the most effect and get beyond these issues. GRDDS is intended to provide regulated medication delivery to particular locations, such as the stomach, bowel, colon, and duodenum.
• Stomach Anatomy and Physiology:
The stomach is a J-shaped organ that is situated in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen. The stomach is separated anatomically into three primary areas:
• The fundus or fundic area
• The stomach body
• The pylorus, or pyloric area.
The average adult human stomach measures 30.5 cm in length and 15.2 cm in width, with a 1.5L capacity. It serves as both a mixing and digestion chamber and a reservoir for food that has been consumed. The rugae, which are noticeable wrinkles in the stomach's inner mucosal lining, enable the stomach to grow up to 50 times its empty volume. Understanding stomach physiology and the associated gastric emptying process is essential for GRDDS success. The fundus, body, and antrum (pylorus) are the three anatomical regions that make up the human stomach's structure. The stomach's volume ranges from 250 to 500 ml during the inter-digestive periods, with an average of 1.5 l following a meal. The antrum serves as the main location for the mixing process, while the portion composed of the fundus and body serves as a repository of any undigested material. The antrum, which is the lowest portion, propels the stomach emptying process. A key factor in the gastric residence period of the ingested contents is the pylorus, which separates the stomach from the duodenum.
10.5281/zenodo.15328412