An Approach for Analysis of Marketed Hair Oils as Per Bureau of Indian Standards

Bureau of Indian Standards: -

Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) is the National Standard Body of India, and it is responsible for standardization, marking, and quality certification of products. BIS helps the economy by providing safe, dependable products, avoiding health hazards, conserving the environment, and encouraging exports. It also facilitates public policies regarding product safety, consumer protection, food safety, and construction. The Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 2016, operative with effect from 12th October, 2017, puts BIS as the National Standards Body and provides for more than one scheme of assessments. It enables the government to empower other agencies for certification and to require certification of some products on the basis of health and safety. The act provides consumer protection features like product recall and compensation. BIS hopes to realize harmonious progress in standardization and quality certification in a bid to complement industrial development and consumers' demands. BIS is based at New Delhi headquarters and has its field offices located in the country's five big cities. Standards development, product certification, testing laboratories, and consumer protection activities fall within BIS activities.

Cosmetics: -

In the 21st century, there are profound shifts in the application of cosmetics globally. "Cosmetic" is a term derived from the Greek "Kosmeticos," referring to adorning. Cosmetics are external applications used on the body, i.e., nails, skin, and hair, for purposes ranging from coloring to cleaning and protecting. The active life of cosmetics begins when they come into contact with the skin or hair and ceases when removed or evaporated, bringing about changes on the body.

Contemporary cosmetics are manufactured under strict quality control. They can be categorized based on the application method, use, and composition, which comprise diverse forms such as powders, creams, gels, and emulsions.

Hair Oil: -

The research and development of hair preparation depend heavily on knowing about hair. Hair is an essential component of the body and functions in cooperation with sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and nails. It influences one's appearance and provides protection against UV light, pads the head, and protects the skull. The scalp contains 100,000 to 200,000 hairs, increasing at a rate of 0. 27-0. 40mm per day.

Hair growth follows three stages:

- Anagen (growth phase)

- Catagen (transition stage)

- Telogen (resting phase).

Cosmetics are substances used on the skin, hair, and nails for purposes such as covering, coloring, cleansing, and moisturizing. Hair care products clean, alter hair texture, change colour, condition stressed hair, and enhance its appearance. Herbal hair oils are used to treat conditions such as baldness, hair loss, and dryness. The purpose of this study is to standardize some herbal hair oils based on some physicochemical parameters and compare two commercial brands with the Bureau of Indian Standards.

Hair oils are generally categorized into two categories:

1. Medicated Oils – These have active ingredients such as menthol and eucalyptus oil for their therapeutic effects.

2. Non-Medicated Oils – These do not contain active ingredients and consist of oils such as olive and sunflower oil.

Advantage of Hair Oil: -

Advantages of hair oil are to avoid breakage, encourage growth, condition the scalp, prevent stress, and preserve colored hair.

Hair Oil Marketing in India: -

The Indian hair oil market is expanding at a fast pace because of huge demand and daily usage in homes. Hair care is highly essential for most people, particularly women. The sector contributes to more than half of the hair care products and is growing at a rate of 5. 43 percent annually. There is high competition between different brands.

Figure No (4): - Frequency of Hair Oil Use Amongst Indian

Figure No (5): - Frequency of Hair Oil Market Amongst India

Bis Specification for Hair Oil: -

This standard defines the specifications for hair oils and oil-based hair preparations like tonics and concentrates. It does not cover effleurage type hair oils, creams, pomades, or hair darkeners. Hair oils with therapeutic functions are also not covered.

The standard refers to a number of Indian Standards as references, including standards for a number of oils like cottonseed, safflower, and sunflower oil.

There are three categories of hair oils: Type I derived from vegetable oils, Type II derived from mineral oil, and Type III which is a combination of both.

Hair oils should either be colourless or colored, not having any sediment at 27°C, and not having an off smell. If needed, the antioxidants should be suitable. The base oils should be of certain quality, such as castor oil, coconut oil, groundnut oil, sesame oil, cottonseed oil, sunflower oil, safflower oil, and soybean oil.

Methodology and Procedure: -

As per Bureau of Indian standards the methods for follow:

1. Determination of acid value

2. Determination of microbial contamination

3. Determination of peroxide value

1. Determination of Acid Value: -

The acid value of the oil is determined by titration of the oil solution in diethyl ether using alcoholic sodium or potassium hydroxide solution. It is expressed as the quantity of KOH (in mg) required neutralizing 1g of oil. The reagents needed are ethyl alcohol, a mixed indicator solution, and 0. 1 N standard aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. The process includes measuring the oil by weight, addition of hot ethyl alcohol and the indicator, boiling, and titration.

The acid value is determined using the formula:

          ACID VALUE = 56. 1 V N / M,

Where V is the volume of the alkali used, N is the normality of the alkali solution, and M is the weight of the test material.

2. Determination of Microbial Contamination: -

The test consists of adding a known amount of a sample into two distinct culture media that can sustain the growth of bacteria and fungi. These samples are then incubated for a specific time to enable visible colonies to grow for counting.

Essential equipment consists of resistant glass test tubes with metal caps, autoclaves with a temperature of 120°C and having precise thermometers and pressure gauges, petri dishes having a diameter of 100 mm and depth of 15 mm with flat bottoms, and a colony counter, e.g., the Quebec colony counter, or a lens for colony counting under standardized illumination. For the media, Nutrient Agar Medium is prepared by dissolving 5 g of yeast extract (or meat extract), 5 g of sodium chloride, and 10 g of peptone in 1000 ml of distilled water in a beaker. After adding 25 g of powdered agar and boiling until dissolved, the pH is adjusted to 7. 4. After filtering, it is dispensed into tubes, sterilized in an autoclave, and stored in a refrigerator for up to three weeks. Sabouraud Agar Medium is prepared similarly, with 10 g of peptone and 40 g of glucose, with a natural pH that does not need adjusting. For sterilizing equipment, test tubes can be autoclaved or oven-heated. Petri dishes and pipettes are also sterilized through autoclaving or in an oven. The method involves melting agar tubes, pouring sample aliquots into them, incubating temperatures as indicated, and the number of colonies to establish the average number of microorganisms per gram of the sample. The ultimate count is the average of the averages from the two types of agar.

3. Determination of Peroxide Value: -

Definition: -

• Peroxide value is a figure indicating the amount of peroxide in 1000 grams of a material expressed in milli equivalents of active oxygen (meq/kg).

• It is a measure of the peroxides contained in oil.

• Fresh oil samples typically have a peroxide value below 10 mEq/kg.

• Temperature or storage rancidity raises peroxide values.

Reagents: -

• Glacial Acetic Acid

• Chloroform

• Saturated Solution of Potassium Iodide

• Normal Sodium Thiosulphate Solution (0. 01N)

• Starch Indicator Solution: Dissolve 5g of starch and 0. 01g of mercuric iodide in cold water, then transfer to boiling water and boil for three minutes.

Procedure: -

Weigh 5g of the sample and dissolve in 30 ml mixed solvent (3 parts glacial acetic acid and 2 parts chloroform). Add 0. 5 ml potassium iodide solution and wait for 1 minute. Now add 30 ml water and titrate against sodium thiosulphate until the mixture is light yellow. Add 1 ml of starch indicator and continue titrating until the blue disappears. Prepare a blank without the sample.

CALCULATION:

Apply the formula:

PEROXIDE VALUE [meq\kg] =

                         (V?-Vo) *C*1000*T                                                               

                                     M                                           

Where V? is the titre for the sample, Vo is for the blank, C is thiosulphate concentration, T is the titre and m is sample weight in grams.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION: -

Physiochemical evaluation of hair oil products A and B was conducted with standard tests.