Aishwarya Morkhade*
Sakshi Sisodiya
Vishvesh Bajad
M. A. Mapari
Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) have evolved as a novel and non-invasive route for systemic drug administration, offering several benefits over traditional oral or parenteral drug delivery. These systems enable the controlled release of drugs through the skin, ensuring steady plasma concentrations and improved patient adherence to treatment regimens (1). TDDS bypass the hepatic first pass effect and minimize gastrointestinal degradation, making them ideal for drugs with poor oral bioavailability or short half-lives (2). Despite these advantages, conventional transdermal carriers such as ointments, gels, and patches face major limitations due to the highly selective permeability of the stratum corneum. This outermost skin layer, rich in keratinized cells and lipids, restricts the penetration of most therapeutic agents, especially those with high molecular weight or hydrophilic characteristics (3). To address these limitations, researchers have explored various enhancement techniques, including chemical penetration enhancers, iontophoresis, and the use of vesicular systems. Vesicular drug delivery systems such as liposomes, niosomes, and transfersomes have emerged as promising platforms for improving drug solubility, stability, and penetration through the skin (4). These carriers can encapsulate both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs and modulate release kinetics. Among them, ethosomes have attracted considerable interest for their exceptional skin permeability and stability. Ethosomes are soft, malleable lipid vesicles composed primarily of phospholipids, ethanol, and water (5). The incorporation of ethanol confers elasticity and fluidity to the vesicles while simultaneously enhancing skin permeability by disrupting the lipid organization within the stratum corneum (6). This unique combination allows ethosomes to traverse the skin barrier efficiently and deposit drugs into deeper layers, achieving both localized and systemic effects. The significance of ethosomes lies in their ability to overcome the shortcomings of conventional transdermal carriers and deliver a broad spectrum of drugs, including peptides, hormones, antivirals, and anti-inflammatory agents (7). Their non-invasive nature, high entrapment efficiency, and controlled drug release profile have positioned them as a superior alternative for transdermal drug delivery. The objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive discussion on ethosomes as advanced transdermal carriers. It explores their structural design, formulation parameters, mechanisms of skin permeation, and therapeutic applications. Additionally, it critically evaluates their clinical relevance and future potential in enhancing the efficacy and safety of transdermal drug delivery systems.
10.5281/zenodo.18296248