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Abstract

Rheumatoid arthritis(RA) is an autoimmune disorder that affects the joints. Various medications successfully alleviate the symptoms of RA in clinical. Still, few therapy strategies can cure RA, especially when joint destruction begins, and there is currently no effective bone-protective treatment to reverse the articular damage. Furthermore, the RA medications now used in clinical practice accompany various adverse side effects. Nanotechnology can improve the pharmacokinetics of traditional anti-RA drugs and therapeutic precision through targeting modification. Although the clinical application of nanomedicines for RA is in its infancy, preclinical research is rising. Current anti-RA nano-drug studies mainly focus on the following: drug delivery systems, nanomedicines with anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic properties, biomimetic design with better biocompatibility and therapeutic features, and nanoparticle-dominated energy conversion therapies. These therapies have shown promising therapeutic benefits in animal models, indicating that nanomedicines are a potential solution to the current bottleneck in RA treatment. This review will summarize the present state of anti-RA nano-drug research.

Keywords

Nanomedicines, Treatment, Rheumatoid Arthritis

Introduction

Nanomedicine offers promising approaches for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treatment by enhancing drug delivery and reducing side effects. Nanomaterials like nanoparticles (polymeric, lipid, metallic, and inorganic) are used to encapsulate or adsorb drugs, targeting inflamed tissues and improving drug solubility, circulation time, and controlled release. 

Nanoparticles for the management of RA

Nanoparticles are particles in spherical form [39]. Nanoparticles' thickness, surface heterogeneity and morphology play an important role in the biodistribution of nanoparticles for the treatment of RA [53]. Nanoparticles (NPs), for theranostic applications, are used as therapeutic/imaging agents. The encapsulated particulate material aims to provide a controversial distribution/controlled discharge of encapsulated products. Physicochemical properties connected with, Passive targeting of RA treatment drugs includes particle size, shape of the load and characteristics of outside. Nanoparticles in particular take on their vital role in pharmaceutical industries because of their biocompatibility and biodegradability properties. Nanoparticles paired with specific ligand targets and rendered cellular diffusion simpler [54]. The most commonly reported liposomes, micelles, metallic nanoparticles, and polymeric nanoparticle deliver capable of treating RA. By systemic circulation, nanoparticles can be used through various processes such as adsorption, ligand receptor attachment, covalent binding and internalization [55]. NSAID-based delivery systems have been widely documented for RA, which reduces pain (analgesia) related to early stage RA through its anti-inflammatory pathways devoid of lack of articular function; however, it inhibits COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes that play a necessary role in prostaglandin production. Drug that contains nanoparticles was therapeutically delivered to reddened synovium [39]. Metal oxide nanoparticles show various desirable characteristics, such as drug carriers with extremely higher surface area and large pore sizes for drug encapsulation, intrinsic biodegradability characteristics due to their labile metal-ligand bonds and flexible versatility for post-synthetic drug molecules grafting [56]. Rutin stabilized silver nanoparticles elicits anti-inflammatory involvement in systemic inflammation by its crucial activation of pro-inflammatory cytokine production (tumor necrotic factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). In RA patients silver nanoparticles were also used for therapeutic benefits [57]. Table shows the numerous nanoparticulate-based delivery systems used by various medicines. The use of nanoparticle-based formulations in the treatment of RA might result in improved bioavailability, greater drug collection at the affected inflamed site, and longer discharge characteristics. These nanoparticulate-based formulations may also stimulate target capacity potential with particular receptors at a higher level.

Drugs

Nano carrier

Therapeutic effects
     

Curcumin

Indian Gold

Oxido-inflammatory and immunomodulatory cascade

Piroxicam

Glycerol monostearate

Anti-inflammatory effect

Piperine

Glycerol monostearate

Anti-inflammatory effect

Aceclofenac

Glycerol monostearate

Anti-inflammatory effect

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Aditya Jagatap
Corresponding author

Dr. Shivajirao Kadam College of Pharmacy, Kasbe Digraj

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Aniket Gavali
Co-author

Dr. Shivajirao Kadam College of Pharmacy, Kasbe Digraj

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Mayuri Kalokhe
Co-author

Dr. Shivajirao Kadam College of Pharmacy, Kasbe Digraj

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Manali Bavadekar
Co-author

Dr. Shivajirao Kadam College of Pharmacy, Kasbe Digraj

Aditya Jagatap*, Mayuri Kalokhe, Aniket Gavali, Manali Bavadekar, Nanomedicines Used in The Treatment of the Rheumatoid Arthritis, Int. J. Sci. R. Tech., 2025, 2 (7), 96-104. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15806607

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