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Abstract

Wakefulness, a current sleep complaint, significantly impacts internal and physical health, especially in aged grown-ups.Lavenderessential oil painting, uprooted from Lavandula species,is extensively honored for its soothing and dreamy goods,making it an effective natural remedy for wakefulness. Its operation through aromatherapy,topical use,or salutary integration has demonstrated benefits in enhancing sleep quality, easing anxiety, and promoting relaxation.With a well- established safety profile and different remedial operations,lavender essential oil painting offers a promising approach to managing wakefulness and perfecting overall quality of life.

Keywords

Insomnia, Aromatherapy, Anxiety relief, Sleep complaint

Introduction

At some point in their life, almost everyone has trouble sleeping, but the specifics of these issues differ greatly from person to person. Determining which patients need medical intervention and how differences among insomnia sufferers should inform treatment approaches are the main challenges facing clinicians. When sleep disruptions, including difficulty falling asleep, remaining asleep, or feeling refreshed when you wake up, significantly impede your ability to work, treatment is usually advised.Although it is commonly acknowledged that there is no "one-size-fits-all" method for treating insomnia, there is continuous discussion over how its particular characteristics ought to influence clinical treatment. Insomnia has historically been classified according to the type of symptom, how long it lasts, and its underlying causes. This article looks at the scientific data supporting these categories and assesses their.[30]


Table no.-1 Types of Insomnia

Types of Insomnia

1.

Acute Insomnia

Usually lasts less than a month or during intervals of time.

2.

Chronic Insomnia

A more severe kind of insomnia that lasts for at least a month and happens multiple times a week.

3.

Onset insomnia

 

Acute and chronic insomnia often stem from various causes that make falling asleep challenging. Psychological or psychiatric conditions, such as stress, anxiety, and depression, are among the most common contributors.

4.

Maintenance insomnia

Maintenance insomnia refers to difficulty staying asleep, waking up too early, and struggling to fall back asleep. This condition often leads to anxiety about insufficient sleep, which further disrupts the ability to rest, creating a self-perpetuating cycle.


Natural remedies made from medicinal plants have attracted a lot of attention in recent years, and their use to treat mental illnesses has expanded.There are species in the genus Lavandula that have long been used as sedatives and to treat central nervous system (CNS) disorders like epilepsy, migraine and Mental health conditions[1].Linalool acetate, the primary ingredient in lavender oil, has been demonstrated to have a relaxingm impact on tight muscles and the nervous system. In addition to improving mood, lowering anxiety,increasing alertness, and, of course, promoting relaxation, a few drops of lavender oil can also help relieve insomnia.(Metu,2021).[5]

Lavender essential oil is utilized in cosmetics, food processing, perfumes, and aromatherapy product.Aromatherapy has been utilized in clinical settings since 1932, when French perfumer Renee Gattefosse used it to serious burns. Since lavender is said to have analgesic, antifungal, antidepressant, antispasmotic, sedative, calming, and soothing properties, its usage in medicine has progressively grown[4]. Several studies demonstrated lavender's intestinal anti-inflammatory and immunemodulatory properties in vitro.[1] Lavender is the most commonly acquired raw material for essential oil (EO) extraction worldwide, according to the International Federation of Essential Oils and Aroma Trades (IFEAT), which has documented a sharp rise in the production of aromatic plants. Essential oils are intricate blends of volatile substances that are collected from plants without the use of chemical solvents using techniques like cold pressing or distillation.Essential oils are extracted using a variety of techniques, including infusion, maceration, and microwave and ultrasonic extraction. Inhalation, transdermal application, and oral consumption are the three primary ways that essential oils are absorbed by the human body[6].In Western nations, the prevalence of adult insomnia ranges from 10% to 40%. Adults' sleep problems becoming more prevalent as they age However, not every sleep disorder occurs later in life are detrimental, serious disturbances can lead to depression, cognitive impairments,[2]Lavender aromatherapy is used for treating agitation and sadness, especially in dementia patients, as well as for soothing effects for conditions like anxiety, sleeplessness, stomach pain, and appetite loss. Research has demonstrated the promise of lavender in the treatment of anxiety, anillness that can result from drug use, medical conditions, or anxiety disorders and is characterized by tension, excessive worry, and bodily symptoms[4].
       
            fig 2.png
       

Figure no.-1 Frequency of insomnia causes

The physical, mental, and general quality of life of older persons can all be adversely affected by inadequate sleep. It can cause memory problems, focus problems, and cognitive decline, which can make daily tasks more difficult and less independent. The effects of sleep quality disorders deteriorate the elderly’s independence, daily activities, and interests, thereby affecting their quality of life[3]lavender essential oil, which is frequently selected due to its high safety profile and well-established sedative and hypnotic properties. The clinical benefits of aroma inhalation treatment for insomnia were also emphasized by a meta-analysis, with lavender appearing as the most researched and suggested essential oil for improving sleep[7]A common neurological condition, insomnia has a complicated process that involves multiple neurotransmitters. According to current research, the biochemical foundation of insomnia is widely thought to be an aberrant level or diminished function of monoamine neurotransmitters[8]. Increased excitatory neurotransmission via glutamate or decreased inhibitory neurotransmission via gamma- aminobutyric acid (GABA) can be used to explain how anxiety is modulated. These pathways are important targets for the treatment of anxiety disorders because they are involved in the control of anxiety[9].Neurotransmitter receptor dysfunction and monoamineneurotransmitter insufficiency are directly linked to the molecular etiology of MDD and ADs.[10]

Lavender's Applications for Insomnia Relief:

Aromatherapy: Inhalation Techniques and Benefits

Aromatherapy, the therapeutic use of essential oils, has been widely used to alleviate various health conditions, including insomnia. Lavender essential oil, in particular, is renowned for its calming and sedative properties. Inhalation techniques, such as using Inhaling straight from the bottle or using a diffuser are two efficient ways to encourage relaxation and improve the quality of your sleep

Work of Action

When inhaled, the aromatic compounds in lavender essential oil interact with olfactory receptors in the nasal cavity, sending signals to the brain that can influence mood, emotions, and physiological responses.

Benefits

According to research, breathing in lavender essential oil may help lower anxiety, improve the quality of sleep, and lessen the amount of time it takes to fall asleep.[11]

Topical Application: Lavender Essential Oil and Lotions

Topical application of lavender essential oil or lavender-infused lotions can also be beneficial for promoting relaxation and alleviating insomnia.

Work of Action

When applied to the skin, lavender essential oil can be absorbed into the bloodstream, where it can interact with various physiological systems, including the nervous system.

Benefits

Massaging lavender oil on the temples, neck, or feet before bedtime can help to calm the mind and promote relaxation. Lavender-infused lotions can also be applied to the skin to soothe the senses and prepare the body for sleep.[12]

Dietary Incorporation: Lavender-Infused Foods and Beverages

Incorporating lavender into your diet can be another avenue to harness its calming properties. Lavender-infused foods and beverages, such as lavender tea, honey, or baked goods, can be enjoyed as part of a relaxing bedtime routine.Consuming these can help promote relaxation and improve sleep quality. Lavender tea, in particular, is a popular herbal remedy for insomnia, known to calm the mind and promote restful sleep.[13]

Prevalence of Insomnia:

Insomnia prevalence assessments are heavily influenced by the parameters used to characterize the disorder and, crucially, the population under investigation. About 30% of individuals in a variety of samples and countries report having one or more symptoms of insomnia, according to population-based research. These symptoms can include irregular sleep patterns, difficulties falling or staying asleep, excessive waking, or, in certain situations, poor or non-restorative sleep quality.[14] According to findings from the June 2005 NIH State-of-the-Science Conference, the incidence rate of insomnia is roughly 10% when symptoms are considered to include felt impairment or discomfort during the day.[15] When more stringent individual criteria, akin to those found in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Diseases, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), are eventually implemented,[16] Current prevalence estimates are adjusted for additional criteria, such as symptoms of insomnia lasting at least one month and not being caused only by another sleep issue, mental disorder, substance use, or medical condition.[17]

Pathophysiology of Insomnia:

Being awake Throughout the day, hyperarousal education is permitted as a complaint. This hyperarousal may manifest as trouble falling and staying asleep at night and hypervigilance throughout the day.[18],[19]Currently, models of wakefulness that are both cognitive and physiological explain this excitement. According to the cognitive model, contemplation and solicitude about life's difficulties interfere with sleep, causing acute episodes of alertness, particularly during falling asleep and waking up.[20]Additionally, when someone starts to observe sleep issues, their attention and contemplation change from life events to concerns about sleep and the day-to-day effects of sleep deprivation. If a sleep-related issue is identified or a perceived lack of sleep is felt, this negatively-toned cognitive effort is further exacerbated. Another model of the elaboration of wakefulness suggests that hyperarousal is primarily caused by physiologic or neurophysiologic reasons, which is similar to the cognitive models. Heart rate variability, neuroendocrine measurements, whole body metabolic rate, and functional neuroimaging have all been used to estimate physiological excitement. Oxygen consumption (VO2) can be used to estimate the metabolic rate of the entire body. Good sleepers and those with wakefulness diagnoses were contrasted in recent studies. The patients with wakefulness showed markedly progressed metabolicrates (calculated throughout the course of a 24-hour day) compared to the healthy controls. Due to its regulation by both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system training, heart rate variability may provide a measure of excitement. A thirty-six-hour study[21]established that, in comparison to healthy, normal sleepers, average heart rates were raised and variability in all stages of sleep was decreased in awake situations. As seen by the regular activation of the stress response system, the neuroendocrine system may also provide evidence of excitement. Numerous investigations that measure urine free cortisol excretion over a 24-hour period have established elevated levels in poor sleepers.[22], [23]urine catecholamines have been linked to stage 1 sleep likelihood and wake time following sleep onset, while urine free cortisol levels have also been positively associated with overall wake time.[22], [24]Cortisol and adrenocorricotropic hormone (ACTH) tube measurements have been made in both healthy, normal sleepers and wakefulness instances. Primary nodders seem to have advanced circumstances of these composites in their tube, despite the fact that the evidence is nicely mixed. The biggest variances are observed in the evening and the initial part of the night.[22], [23],[25]The pathophysiology of habitual wakefulness is linked to the HPA axis, according to both the urine and tube measurements of cortisol and ACTH. In circumstances involving wakefulness, positron emigration tomography (PET) has been utilized to evaluate cerebral glucose metabolism, a cyclical measure of entire brain metabolism..[26]In both awake and non-rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, patients with alertness showed worse cerebral glucose metabolism than healthy participants. Similarly, in wake-promoting areas of the brain, the wakefulness cases showed less decline in relative metabolism from waking to non-REM sleep. These results point to the involvement of interacting brain networks, such as the general thrill system, the emotion-regulating system, and the cognitive system, in the inability to fall asleep.

Consequencesof Insomnia:

Wakefulness, a patient sleep complaint characterized by Having trouble getting to sleep, remaining asleep, or waking upbeforehand, can have far- reaching consequences on both physical and internal health. habitual sleep privation, a hallmark of wakefulness, can significantly vitiate cognitive function, leading to difficulties in attention, memory, and decision- timber. Studies have shown that individualities with wakefulness frequently struggle to concentrate on tasks, retain information, and make sound judgments. likewise, reduced alertness and slower response times associated with sleep privation can increase the threat of accidents, both at work and while driving. This is particularly concerning as sleep- deprived individualities may be more prone to crimes and setbacks in judgment. The impact of wakefulness extends beyond cognitive impairment and accident threat. It's nearly linked to colorful internal health issues, including anxiety, depression, and perversity. habitual sleep loss can complicate being internal health conditions and increase the liability of developing new bones individualities with wakefulness may witness heightened passions of stress, solicitude, and sadness, which can further disrupt sleep patterns and produce a vicious cycle. Physically, wakefulness can weaken the vulnerable system, making individualities more susceptible to infections. When we sleep, our bodies form apkins, produce hormones, and strengthen the vulnerable system. inadequate sleep can compromise these vital functions, leaving us vulnerable to ails. also, long- term sleep privation has been linked to an increased threat of habitual conditions similar as heart complaint, stroke, and diabetes. Poor sleep can elevate blood pressure, increase inflammation, and disrupt the body's hormonal balance, all of which contribute to the development of these serious health conditions. Given the wide- ranging consequences of wakefulness, it's pivotal to address this sleep complaint instantly. By prioritizing sleep hygiene, rehearsing relaxation ways, and seeking professional help when demanded, individualities can ameliorate their sleep qualityand alleviate the negative impacts of wakefulness on their overall health and well- being.[27],[28],[29]

Treatment of Insomnia:

Pharmacotherapy

Published evaluations of hypnotics for insomnia include BZ/BZRAs, antidepressants, antipsychotics, antihistamines,phytotherapeutics, and melatonin Riemann and Nissen, 2012. Significant placebo responses in clinical studies are shown by meta-analyses of placebo effects; Winkler and Rief (2015) found that over 60% of pharmaceutical responses were mirrored by placebo for both subjective and objective sleep metrics. Studies have shown that BZ/BZRAs are beneficial for short-term ?4 weeks insomnia, with 47.7% remission rates and 76.7% treatment responses (Pillai et al., 2017).
While trazodone helps with Alzheimer's-related sleep disturbances and low-dose doxepin temporarily improves sleep, antidepressants, when given at lower levels than for depression, are less effective than BZ/BZRAs. According to Vande Griend and Anderson (2012), antihistamines only have modest to moderate effects and cause tolerance to develop quickly.[30]

Light therapy and exercise

Animal studies on circadian and sleep-wake cycles have frequently included light exposure, which has been shown to have a substantial impact on a range of biological outcomes. Light therapy has demonstrated therapeutic effectiveness in treating circadian rhythm abnormalities and seasonal affective disorders in humans (Huck et al., 2014). Exercise has also been shown to have positive effects on both physical and mental health, including lower mortality rates (Hupin et al., 2015). Exercise and light therapy have also been suggested as remedies for insomnia.According to Van Maanen et al. (2016), there is evidence that light treatment has mild to moderate impacts on sleep characteristics in those who suffer from insomnia. Exercise therapies have seldom addressed clinically diagnosed insomnia, despite having somewhat favorable benefits on sleep in both excellent and bad sleepers (Kredlow et al., 2015). Considering the robust backing

Complementary and alternative medicine

Acupuncture, acupressure, aromatherapy, foot reflexology, homeopathy, meditative movement therapies, moxibustion, music therapy, yoga, and other complementary and alternative medical practices are among the treatments available for insomnia.Evaluation of the evidence supporting these therapies, which is compiled in Table 13, is difficult since it is typically based on trials with poor methodology. Although acupuncture has shown some potential (Cao et al., 2009; Cheuk et al., 2012; Lan et al., 2015; Sarris and Byrne, 2011), a thorough evaluation is limited because the majority of research are published in Chinese. Because of the poor quality of the original study, caution is suggested. The effectiveness of homeopathy and aromatherapy is unsupported by any evidence. Despite its dubious methodological rigor, meta-analyses of music therapy (Jespersen et al., 2015; de Niet et al., 2009; Wang et al., 2016) point to some advantages. Concerns about feet are similar.

CONCLUSION:

The increasing interest in natural treatments, especially lavender essential oil, as a possible treatment for insomnia is highlighted in this review. Through aromatherapy, topical treatments, and dietary absorption, lavender's many benefits-such as sedative, relaxing, and anxiolytic effects-have shown promise in enhancing the quality of sleep. Its safety profile also makes it a desirable substitute for traditional pharmaceutical treatments in the management of insomnia and related disorders.The intricacy of insomnia is highlighted by its etiology, which includes hyperarousal, neurochemical imbalances, and abnormalities in brain networks. The wide-ranging effects of insomnia, such as mood swings, cognitive deficits, and an increased chance of developing chronic illnesses, highlight the critical need for efficient and easily available treatments.The proven advantages of lavender in lowering anxiety, encouraging calm, and enhancing the quality of sleep make it a useful addition to conventional therapies for insomnia. Nevertheless, while existing

REFERENCE

  1. Dolzhko, D., Melnyk, N., Kruk, A., Granica, S., & Piwowarski, J. (2024). Traditional use of polar extracts from lavender flowers–systematic review of literature data. Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 22(3), 92-101.
  2. Alforaih, R. M., & Al-Sowayan, N. S. (2022). Impact of Lavender on Sleep Quality in Young Individuals. European Journal of Applied Sciences–Vol, 10(6).
  3. Permatha, R. N. (2024). The Effect of Lavender Inhalation Aromatherapy on Sleep Quality of the Elderly at Tresna Werdha Social Institution Jambi City. Jurnal Keperawatan Komprehensif (Comprehensive Nursing Journal), 10(3).
  4. Sayed, A. M., Morsy, S., Tawfik, G. M., Naveed, S., Minh-Duc, N. T., Hieu, T. H., ... & Huy, N. T. (2020). The best route of administration of lavender for anxiety: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. General hospital psychiatry, 64, 33-40.
  5. Marisa, D. E., al-Jaberi, M., Elengoe, A., Wahyuni, S., & Supriyadi, Y. (2024). Reducing Insomnia in the Elderly With Lavender Aromatherapy In Karyamulya sud-district, Kesambi District, Cirebon City: Reducing Insomnia in the Elderly With Lavender Aromatherapy. Journal of health research and technology, 2(1), 117-124.
  6. Kaur, G., Maurya, R. V., & Kumar, A. (2024). A REVIEW ON-PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECT OF LAVENDER.
  7. Yang, C. P., Yang, C. C., Tsai, I. J., Lin, T. H., Chiou, Y. L., Wang, H. F., ... & Yih, K. H. (2023). The immediate effects of lavender-based essential oil inhalation on subsequent polysomnography in people with poor sleep quality. Journal of the Chinese Medical Association, 86(7), 665-671.
  8. Wang, Z., Xu, H., Wang, Z., Zhou, H., Zhang, L., Wang, Y., ... & Zhou, Y. (2024). Effect of tuina on sleep quality, psychological state and neurotransmitter level in patients with insomnia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Neurology, 15, 1273194.
  9. Yoo, O., & Park, S. A. (2023, November). Anxiety-reducing effects of lavender essential oil inhalation: A systematic review. In Healthcare (Vol. 11, No. 22, p. 2978). MDPI.
  10. Liu, Y., Zhao, J., & Guo, W. (2018). Emotional roles of mono-aminergic neurotransmitters in major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders. Frontiers in psychology, 9, 2201.
  11. Bertisch, S. M., Wells, R. E., Smith, M. T., & McCarthy, E. P. (2012). Use of relaxation techniques and complementary and alternative medicine by American adults with insomnia symptoms: results from a national survey. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 8(6), 681-691.
  12. Bia?o?, M., Krzy?ko-?upicka, T., Nowakowska-Bogdan, E., & Wieczorek, P. P. (2019). Chemical composition of two different lavender essential oils and their effect on facial skin microbiota. Molecules, 24(18), 3270.
  13. JIG?U, R., IMBREA, F., PA?CAL?U, R., & ?MULEAC, L. (2023). LAVENDER AND ITS MODERN USE IN FOOD INDUSTRY NOWADAYS. Research Journal of Agricultural Science, 55(2).
  14. Ancoli-Israel, S., & Roth, T. (1999). Characteristics of insomnia in the United States: results of the 1991 National Sleep Foundation Survey. I. Sleep, 22, S347-53.
  15. National Institutes of Health. (2005). National Institutes of Health State of the Science Conference statement on manifestations and management of chronic insomnia in adults, June 13-15, 2005. Sleep, 28, 1049-1057.
  16. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Text revision.
  17. Ohayon, M. M. (1997). Prevalence of DSM-IV diagnostic criteria of insomnia: distinguishing insomnia related to mental disorders from sleep disorders. Journal of psychiatric research, 31(3), 333-346.
  18. Bonnet, M. H., & Arand, D. L. (1995). 24-Hour metabolic rate in insomniacs and matched normal sleepers. Sleep, 18(7), 581-588.
  19. Stepanski E , Zorick F , Roehrs T , Young D , Roth TDaytime alertness in patients with chronic insomnia compared with asymptomatic control subjectsSleep1988115460, 3363270
  20. Harvey AGA cognitive model of insomniaBehav Res Ther20024086993, 12186352
  21. Bonnet MH , Arand DLHeart rate variability in insomniacs and matched normal sleepersPsychosom Med1998606105,
  22. Vgontzas AN , Bixler EO , Lin HM , Prolo P , Mastorakos G , Vela-Bueno A , Kales A , Chrousos GPChronic insomnia is associated with nyctohemeral activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis: clinical implicationsJ Clin Endocrinol Metab200186378794, 11502812
  23. Vgontzas AN , Tsigos C , Bixler EO , Stratakis CA , Zachman K , Kales A , Vela-Bueno A , Chrousos GPChronic insomnia and activity of the stress system: a preliminary studyJ Psychosom Res1998452131, 9720852
  24. Vgontzas AN , Bixler EO , Papanicolaou DA , Kales A , Stratakis CA , Vela-Bueno A , Gold PW , Chrousos GPRapid eye movement sleep correlates with the overall activities of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and sympathetic system in healthy humansJ Clin Endocrinol Metab199782327880, 9329353
  25. Riemann D , Klein T , Rodenbeck A , Feige B , Horny A , Hummel R , Weske G , Al-Shajlawi A , Voderholzer UNocturnal cortisol and melatonin secretion in primary insomniaPsychiatry Res20021131727, 12467942
  26. Nofzinger EA , Buysse DJ , Germain A , Price JC , Miewald JM , Kupfer DJFunctional neuroimaging evidence for hyperarousal in insomniaAm J Psychiatry200416121268, 15514418
  27. National Institute of Health (NIH). (n.d.). Insomnia. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
  28. Strollo PJ, Jr, Rogers D. (2013). Chronic Insomnia. Am Fam Physician. 2013 Apr 1;87(7):475-83.
  29. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2023). Insufficient Sleep Is a Public Health Epidemic.
  30. Krystal, A. D. (2005). The effect of insomnia definitions, terminology, and classifications on clinical practice. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53(S7), S258-S263.
  31. Gammack, J. K. (2008). Light therapy for insomnia in older adults. Clinics in geriatric medicine, 24(1), 139-149.
  32. Cheng, B., Liu, Y., Tian, J., Gao, R., & Liu, Y. (2020). Complementary and alternative medicine for the treatment of insomnia: an overview of scientific evidence from 2008 to 2018. Current Vascular Pharmacology, 18(4), 307-321

Reference

  1. Dolzhko, D., Melnyk, N., Kruk, A., Granica, S., & Piwowarski, J. (2024). Traditional use of polar extracts from lavender flowers–systematic review of literature data. Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 22(3), 92-101.
  2. Alforaih, R. M., & Al-Sowayan, N. S. (2022). Impact of Lavender on Sleep Quality in Young Individuals. European Journal of Applied Sciences–Vol, 10(6).
  3. Permatha, R. N. (2024). The Effect of Lavender Inhalation Aromatherapy on Sleep Quality of the Elderly at Tresna Werdha Social Institution Jambi City. Jurnal Keperawatan Komprehensif (Comprehensive Nursing Journal), 10(3).
  4. Sayed, A. M., Morsy, S., Tawfik, G. M., Naveed, S., Minh-Duc, N. T., Hieu, T. H., ... & Huy, N. T. (2020). The best route of administration of lavender for anxiety: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. General hospital psychiatry, 64, 33-40.
  5. Marisa, D. E., al-Jaberi, M., Elengoe, A., Wahyuni, S., & Supriyadi, Y. (2024). Reducing Insomnia in the Elderly With Lavender Aromatherapy In Karyamulya sud-district, Kesambi District, Cirebon City: Reducing Insomnia in the Elderly With Lavender Aromatherapy. Journal of health research and technology, 2(1), 117-124.
  6. Kaur, G., Maurya, R. V., & Kumar, A. (2024). A REVIEW ON-PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECT OF LAVENDER.
  7. Yang, C. P., Yang, C. C., Tsai, I. J., Lin, T. H., Chiou, Y. L., Wang, H. F., ... & Yih, K. H. (2023). The immediate effects of lavender-based essential oil inhalation on subsequent polysomnography in people with poor sleep quality. Journal of the Chinese Medical Association, 86(7), 665-671.
  8. Wang, Z., Xu, H., Wang, Z., Zhou, H., Zhang, L., Wang, Y., ... & Zhou, Y. (2024). Effect of tuina on sleep quality, psychological state and neurotransmitter level in patients with insomnia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Neurology, 15, 1273194.
  9. Yoo, O., & Park, S. A. (2023, November). Anxiety-reducing effects of lavender essential oil inhalation: A systematic review. In Healthcare (Vol. 11, No. 22, p. 2978). MDPI.
  10. Liu, Y., Zhao, J., & Guo, W. (2018). Emotional roles of mono-aminergic neurotransmitters in major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders. Frontiers in psychology, 9, 2201.
  11. Bertisch, S. M., Wells, R. E., Smith, M. T., & McCarthy, E. P. (2012). Use of relaxation techniques and complementary and alternative medicine by American adults with insomnia symptoms: results from a national survey. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 8(6), 681-691.
  12. Bia?o?, M., Krzy?ko-?upicka, T., Nowakowska-Bogdan, E., & Wieczorek, P. P. (2019). Chemical composition of two different lavender essential oils and their effect on facial skin microbiota. Molecules, 24(18), 3270.
  13. JIG?U, R., IMBREA, F., PA?CAL?U, R., & ?MULEAC, L. (2023). LAVENDER AND ITS MODERN USE IN FOOD INDUSTRY NOWADAYS. Research Journal of Agricultural Science, 55(2).
  14. Ancoli-Israel, S., & Roth, T. (1999). Characteristics of insomnia in the United States: results of the 1991 National Sleep Foundation Survey. I. Sleep, 22, S347-53.
  15. National Institutes of Health. (2005). National Institutes of Health State of the Science Conference statement on manifestations and management of chronic insomnia in adults, June 13-15, 2005. Sleep, 28, 1049-1057.
  16. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Text revision.
  17. Ohayon, M. M. (1997). Prevalence of DSM-IV diagnostic criteria of insomnia: distinguishing insomnia related to mental disorders from sleep disorders. Journal of psychiatric research, 31(3), 333-346.
  18. Bonnet, M. H., & Arand, D. L. (1995). 24-Hour metabolic rate in insomniacs and matched normal sleepers. Sleep, 18(7), 581-588.
  19. Stepanski E , Zorick F , Roehrs T , Young D , Roth TDaytime alertness in patients with chronic insomnia compared with asymptomatic control subjectsSleep1988115460, 3363270
  20. Harvey AGA cognitive model of insomniaBehav Res Ther20024086993, 12186352
  21. Bonnet MH , Arand DLHeart rate variability in insomniacs and matched normal sleepersPsychosom Med1998606105,
  22. Vgontzas AN , Bixler EO , Lin HM , Prolo P , Mastorakos G , Vela-Bueno A , Kales A , Chrousos GPChronic insomnia is associated with nyctohemeral activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis: clinical implicationsJ Clin Endocrinol Metab200186378794, 11502812
  23. Vgontzas AN , Tsigos C , Bixler EO , Stratakis CA , Zachman K , Kales A , Vela-Bueno A , Chrousos GPChronic insomnia and activity of the stress system: a preliminary studyJ Psychosom Res1998452131, 9720852
  24. Vgontzas AN , Bixler EO , Papanicolaou DA , Kales A , Stratakis CA , Vela-Bueno A , Gold PW , Chrousos GPRapid eye movement sleep correlates with the overall activities of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and sympathetic system in healthy humansJ Clin Endocrinol Metab199782327880, 9329353
  25. Riemann D , Klein T , Rodenbeck A , Feige B , Horny A , Hummel R , Weske G , Al-Shajlawi A , Voderholzer UNocturnal cortisol and melatonin secretion in primary insomniaPsychiatry Res20021131727, 12467942
  26. Nofzinger EA , Buysse DJ , Germain A , Price JC , Miewald JM , Kupfer DJFunctional neuroimaging evidence for hyperarousal in insomniaAm J Psychiatry200416121268, 15514418
  27. National Institute of Health (NIH). (n.d.). Insomnia. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
  28. Strollo PJ, Jr, Rogers D. (2013). Chronic Insomnia. Am Fam Physician. 2013 Apr 1;87(7):475-83.
  29. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2023). Insufficient Sleep Is a Public Health Epidemic.
  30. Krystal, A. D. (2005). The effect of insomnia definitions, terminology, and classifications on clinical practice. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53(S7), S258-S263.
  31. Gammack, J. K. (2008). Light therapy for insomnia in older adults. Clinics in geriatric medicine, 24(1), 139-149.
  32. Cheng, B., Liu, Y., Tian, J., Gao, R., & Liu, Y. (2020). Complementary and alternative medicine for the treatment of insomnia: an overview of scientific evidence from 2008 to 2018. Current Vascular Pharmacology, 18(4), 307-321

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Lomash sahu
Corresponding author

Rungta Institute of Pharmaceutical sciences Kohka, Kurud, Bhilai

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Shivaji Patel
Co-author

Rungta Institute of Pharmaceutical sciences Kohka, Kurud, Bhilai

Photo
Vivek Patel
Co-author

Rungta Institute of Pharmaceutical sciences Kohka, Kurud, Bhilai

Photo
Rajesh Kumar Nema
Co-author

Rungta Institute of Pharmaceutical sciences Kohka, Kurud, Bhilai

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Suchita Wamankar
Co-author

Rungta Institute of Pharmaceutical sciences Kohka, Kurud, Bhilai

Lomash Sahu*, Shivaji Patel, Vivek Patel, Rajesh Kumar Nema, Suchita Wamankar, The Science Behind Lavender in Insomnia Natural Sleep Aid: A Comprehensive Review, Int. J. Sci. R. Tech., 2025, 2 (2), 7-13. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14789673

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