Formulation and Evaluation of Anti- Bacterial Moringa Soap

Microorganisms are present all around us and can lead to infections, such as those affecting the skin. These skin infections can be triggered by various types of microorganisms, including bacteria. Although bacteria naturally exist on the skin, an overgrowth of these bacteria can result in an infection. Staphylococcus aureus is one such bacterium that can cause skin infections in humans. This bacterium can be found on various objects like keyboards, wristbands, escalator handrails, and door handles. To prevent bacterial infections, it's important to maintain good personal hygiene, one way of which is by using cleansing products. Soap is a commonly used product for this purpose. Bath soap, which can be in solid, liquid, or foamy form, is a cosmetic product used for cleaning the skin. The effectiveness of bath soap in eliminating germs can be enhanced by incorporating antibacterial ingredients into its formulation. Natural antibacterial components for bath soap formulations can be sourced from the Moringa plant. Moringa leaves are rich in flavonoid compounds. one of which is quercetin. Quercetin has strong antibacterial properties. Considering the link between the flavonoids in Moringa leaves and their antibacterial potential, this study aims to analyze the flavonoid content in Moringa leaf extract and assess its incorporation into antibacterial transparent soap formulations.¹ Moringa oleifera, commonly known as the drumstick tree, miracle tree, or horseradish tree, is a highly valued plant native to the Indian subcontinent and widely cultivated across tropical and subtropical regions of the world. It belongs to the family Moringaceae and is renowned for its remarkable nutritional and medicinal properties. All parts of the plant including leaves, pods, seeds, flowers, and roots are utilized in various applications ranging from food and traditional medicine to agriculture and water purification.² The leaves of Moringa oleifera are especially notable for their high content of essential nutrients such as vitamins A, C, and E, calcium, iron, and protein. Due to its rich phytochemical composition, Moringa oleifera has been extensively studied for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antidiabetic activities. As global interest in functional foods and natural remedies continues to rise, Moringa oleifera is gaining attention as a sustainable and multipurpose resource for combating malnutrition and promoting health.³ Moringa, scientifically known as Moringa oleifera, is a fast-growing, drought-resistant tree native to the Indian subcontinent. It is commonly referred to as the “drumstick tree,” “miracle tree,” or “horseradish tree.” Moringa is highly valued for its nutritional, medicinal, and economic benefits.⁴ Every part of the plant leaves, pods, seeds, flowers, and even roots is edible and rich in nutrients. The leaves are particularly noted for their high content of vitamins (A, C, and E), minerals (especially calcium and iron), and proteins. Due to its health-promoting properties, moringa is widely used in traditional medicine and is gaining popularity globally as a superfood.⁵

Moringa

What is Moringa?

Scientific name: Moringa oleifera

Moringa is a fast-growing, drought-resistant tree native to the Indian subcontinent. It is widely grown in tropical and subtropical areas for its nutritious leaves, pods, seeds, and flowers.⁶

Nutritional Value

Moringa leaves are incredibly nutritious. Here’s what they offer per 100g (fresh leaves):

• Protein: 9g (very high for a plant).
• Vitamin C: 200mg (more than oranges).
• Vitamin A: 6,780 IU (more than carrots).
• Calcium: 185mg (more than milk).
• Iron: 4mg (more than spinach).
• Potassium: 337mg.⁷

Health Benefits

1. Rich in Antioxidants Contains quercetin, chlorogenic acid, and beta-carotene, which help fight oxidative stress.
2. Anti-Inflammatory Properties Useful for reducing inflammation in chronic diseases like arthritis.
3. Blood Sugar Control Some studies show moringa can help lower blood sugar levels.
4. Cholesterol-Lowering Effects May reduce bad cholesterol (LDL) and improve heart health.
5. Brain Health Antioxidants and neuroprotective compounds may improve memory and mental clarity.
6. Antibacterial and Antifungal Effective against certain bacteria and fungi, supporting immune function.⁸

Fig 1: Moringa Powder

How to Use Moringa

• Fresh leaves: Cook like spinach in soups, stews, or stir-fries.
• Dried powder: Add to smoothies, tea, or sprinkle on food.
• Pods (drumsticks): Common in Indian curries.
• Seeds: Eaten roasted, or used for water purification.
• Oil (Ben oil): Used in cosmetics and cooking.⁹

 Possible Side Effects

• High doses may cause nausea or diarrhoea.
• Pregnant women should avoid moringa root and bark (can cause uterine contractions).
• Always consult with a healthcare provider before taking it as a supplement.¹⁰

Global Uses

• India: Used in Ayurvedic medicine for over 5,000 years.
• Africa: Grown in dry regions for food security and malnutrition.
• Philippines and Southeast Asia: Common in soups and health tonics.¹¹Bottom of Form

CAUSES AND RISK FACTORS

1. Overconsumption
   1. Taking too much moringa powder or extract can lead to digestive problems like nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea.
   2. Excess intake of iron and calcium from concentrated powder may stress the kidneys in vulnerable people.
2. Consuming Toxic Parts of the Plant
   1. Roots and bark contain Spiro chin, a potentially toxic alkaloid that may cause nerve paralysis or miscarriage.
   2. Moringa root extract has been linked to harmful effects in animal studies.
3. Contaminated Products
   1. Poorly processed or stored moringa supplements may be contaminated with bacteria, heavy metals, or pesticides.
   2. Risk is higher with unregulated or imported supplements.
4. Drug Interactions
   1. Moringa may interact with:
      1. Blood pressure medications (can cause too-low blood pressure).
      2. Diabetes medications (can dangerously lower blood sugar).
      3. Thyroid medications.¹²

Risk Factors for Experiencing Side Effects

You are more at risk of adverse effects if you:

Safety Tips

• Use leaves and pods, not root or bark.
• Start with small amounts (1 tsp of powder daily).
• Choose reputable brands with quality testing.
• Talk to your doctor or pharmacist if you're on medication.
• Avoid during pregnancy unless advised by a health professional.¹⁴

Plant Profile

Moringa leaves

Moringa leaves are the foliage of the Moringa oleifera tree, often referred to as the "drumstick tree" or "miracle tree." These leaves are highly nutritious and are widely used in traditional medicine and cuisine, especially in Asia and Africa.¹⁵ 

Fig 2: Moringa leaf

Plant Detail

1. Synonyms: moringa oleifera

2. Kingdom: Plantae.

3. Order: Brassicales

4. Family: Moringaceae

5. Genus: Moringa

6. Species: Moringa oleifera

7. Botanical name: moringa oleifera

8. Chemical constituents: alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic compound, glycoside, tannins, saponin.

9. Uses: anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-hypertensive, antimicrobial.

10. Biological Source: It is various part of plant are used, including the leaves, seed, pods, flowers, roots and barks.

11. Geographical source: Moringa oleifera, commonly known as the drumstick tree or miracle tree, is native to the sub-Himalayan regions of northern india.¹⁶

Benefits of Moringa:

1) Anti-Inflammmatory.

2) Antioxidant Properties.

3) Blood Sugar Regulation.

4) cholesterol Reduction.

5) Supports Heart Health.

6) Antimicrobial and Antibacterial.¹⁷

METHODOLOGY

1. Material

Collection of Plant material:

Moringa that were identified and collected from the Koregaon Bhima, Pune. Maharashtra, India-412216 neighborhood. The Moringa was cleaned, dried in room temperature, transfer into moderately coarse powder and stored in well closed container before the extraction.

Preparation of Moringa Extract:

1. Collection and Drying of Leaves

• Fresh Moringa oleifera leaves are collected.
• Washed thoroughly with distilled water to remove dirt.
• Dried in shade or an oven at 40–50°C until moisture is removed.

2. Grinding

• The dried leaves are ground into a fine powder using a mechanical grinder or mortar and pestle.

3. Extraction (Solvent-Based Method)

• Aqueous Extraction (Water-Based):
• Mix 10–20 g of moringa powder with 100–200 mL of distilled water.
• Heat at 60–70°C for 30–60 minutes.
• Cool, filter using Whatman filter paper.
• Store the extract at 4°C for further use.

4.Ethanolic or Methanolic Extraction:

• Mix moringa powder with ethanol or methanol in a 1:10 ratio (e.g., 20 g in 200 mL solvent).
• Shake on a rotary shaker or stir continuously for 24–48 hours.
• Filter and evaporate the solvent using a rotary evaporator or under reduced pressure.
• Store the residue (crude extract) in airtight containers.

5. Concentration and Storage:

• Concentrated extracts can be lyophilized (freeze-dried) for long-term storage.
• Store in a cool, dry place or at 4°C if in liquid form.

The figure shows how extraction process will conduct:

Fig 3: Moringa Extraction

Table 1: Method for the Preparation of Moringa

Preparation Method:

1)Take 60 ml of soap base in a beaker and put on water bath at 45°C

2) Then add the all ingredient (M. oleifera leaves extract, C. sinensis peel powder, C. zeylanicum bark extract, S. mukorosissi powder and glycerine, SLS, Water, Soap Base) with continuous stirring in to soap base.

3) Boil the mixture on the water bath at 45°C and soap mixture is prepared.

4) Prepared soap mixture is filled in soap moulds and mould is put in the refrigerator for     15 minutes

5) After solidification cut the soap mould using cutter or blade.

6)Then obtained moringa soap.

Fig.4: Moringa Soap

Evaluation Parameters for Moringa Soap

1. Physical Parameters

Table.2. Result and Observation of Physical Parameter

2.Chemical Evaluation

Table.3. Result and Observation of Chemical test

3. Foaming Index

Procedure:

1. Label 4 test tubes from 1 to 4.

2. In test tube 1, add 1 mL of soap solution + 9 mL distilled water (1:10 dilution).

3. Repeat with each tube using serial dilution until test tube 4 (1:10,000).

4. Shake each test tube vigorously for 15 seconds.

5. Let all tubes stand for 5 minutes.

6. Measure the height of the foam (in mm) for each tube.

Table.4. Sample Result Table

Fig 5: Foaming Index

4. Microbiological Evaluation

5. Stability Test (30 Days)