View Article

Abstract

The study successfully formulated two herbal mouthwash variants (F1 and F2) using Areca nut, Betel leaf and Clove oil extracts. Both showed favourable physicochemical characteristics, such as pH around 6.6–6.7, acceptable viscosity, and clear, stable appearance without precipitation over 30 days. Antimicrobial testing via MIC demonstrated that F2 had a lower MIC value (0.4 mg/ml) compared to F1 (0.8 mg/ml), indicating greater antimicrobial potency against oral pathogens. Stability assessments under ICH guidelines confirmed no significant changes during the testing period, validating the formulations’ consistency. In summary, both herbal mouthwash formulations are stable and effective in reducing microbial load, with F2 showing superior antimicrobial activity, positioning it as a promising natural alternative for oral hygiene maintenance.

Keywords

Anti -microbial, Areca nut, Betel leaf, Clove oil, Mouthwash Formulation

Introduction

The oral cavity, or more commonly known as the mouth or buccal cavity, serves as the first portion of the digestive system. It consists of several different anatomically different aspects that work together effectively and efficiently to perform several functions. These aspects include the lips, tongue, palate, and

 

Reference

  1. Author C. Histopathological study of oral cavity lesions: a study on 100 cases ijcrr. 2013;05(May):110–6.
  2. Peres MA, Macpherson LM, Weyant RJ, Daly B, Venturelli R, Mathur MR, et al. Oral diseases: a global public health challenge. The Lancet. 2019;394(10194):249-60.
  3. Chan WSH. The role of oral health in the prevention of systemic diseases. Universal Library of Medical and Health Sciences. 2024;1(1).
  4. De Geest S, Laleman I, Teughels W, Dekeyser C, Quirynen M. Periodontal diseases as a source of halitosis: a review of the evidence and treatment approaches for dentists and dental hygienists. Periodontology 2000. 2016;71(1):213-27.
  5. Manipal S, Hussain S, Wadgave U, Duraiswamy P, Ravi K. The Mouthwash War- Chlorhexidine vs. Herbal Mouth Rinses: A MetaAnalysis. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 2016 May;10(5):81.
  6. Matthews RW (July 2003). "Hot salt water mouth baths". British Dental Journal. 195 (1): 3.
  7. Waite FC. The background of modern American dentistry. J Dent Educ, 1937; 1: 91.
  8. Ozan F, Sumer Z, Effect of Mouthrinse Containing Propolis on Oral Microorganisms and Human Gingival Fibroblasts. Eur J Dent, 2007; 1(4): 195 201.
  9. Brookes Z, McGrath C, McCullough M. Antimicrobial Mouthwashes: An Overview of Mechanisms—What Do We Still Need to Know? international dental journal. 2023 Oct 17.
  10. Shetti NA, Metgud R, Pattar V, Hugar SS. Salvadora persica (Miwak) Mouthwash: A Promising Home Care Agent. Annals of Dental Specialty.Jan- March 2016;4(1):6.
  11. Kukreja BJ, Dodwad V. Herbal mouthwashes-a gift of nature. Int J Pharma Bio Sci. 2012;3(2):46-52.
  12. Shivani Suresh Uttarwar, Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Mouthwash, IJCRT, 2022, 10(2), 55-64.
  13. American Dental Association. “Mouthwash.” MouthHealthy, 2025, www.mouthhealthy.org/all-topics-a-z/mouthwash/.
  14. https://www.gentledentalcenter.com/differ ent-types-mouthwash/ Access on 21.02.2020
  15. Sandhya R. Herbal product as mouthwash-a review. Int J Sci Res. 2017; 6(7):1334-7.
  16. Farjana A, Zerin N, Kabir MD S. Antimicrobial Activity of Medicinal Plant Leaf Extracts Against Pathogenic Bacteria. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease.2014;4(Suppl 2). S920-S923.
  17. International Journal of Pharmacy and Herbal Technology- ISSN NO: 2583- 8962 (Online)
  18. Addy, M. (2000). "Mouthrinse-based anti-plaque agents: a comparative review." Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 27(5), 368–375.
  19. Jones, C.G. (1997). "Chlorhexidine: Is it still the gold standard?" Periodontology 2000, 15(1), 55–62.
  20. Tunnazilah N, Astuti RA, Hardia L. Antioxidant activity of ethanol extract Areca catechu L. stalk using the DPPH method. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2024;15(4):320
  21. Anggi V, Magfirah. The effect hypoglycemic of ethanol extract combination red betel leaf (Piper crocatum) and Dayak onion (Eleutherine palmifolia Merr) in streptozotocin-induced. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2024;15(3):2
  22. Waghmare P, Vrunal M, Mithun M. Formulation and evaluation of fast dissolving oral film containing extracts of Ocimum sanctum and Glycyrrhiza glabra to treat mouth ulcer. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2024;15(2):145-52.
  23. Nigam, Devyani; Verma, Poojashree; Chhajed, Mahavir. Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Mouthwash against Oral Infections Disease. International Journal of Pharmacy & Life Sciences, Vol. 11, Issue 7 (July 2020), pp. 6746- 6750.
  24. Evans, W. C. (2009). Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy (16th ed.). Saunders Elsevier.
  25. Khandelwal, K. R. (2008). Practical Pharmacognosy: Techniques and Experiments (19th ed.). Nirali Prakashan.
  26. Shukla, S., Sharma, A., & Gupta, V. (2018). Pharmacognostic evaluation of medicinal plant formulations: A review. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 7(5), 1927–1932.
  27. World Health Organization. (1998). Quality control methods for medicinal plant materials. Geneva: WHO.
  28. Kalyani P, Leelavathi L. Comparison between the effect of plain water, herbal mouthwash, and chlorhexidine mouthwash on salivary pH. Drug Invention Today. 2019;11(5).
  29. Jadhav, V. D., Talele, S. G., Bakliwal, A. A., & Chaudhari, G. N. (2015). Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Gel Containing Leaf Extract of Tridax procumbens. Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioSciences, 3(3), 65-72.
  30. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing protocols. Schwalve, Moore and Goodwin, Crc Press 2007.
  31. Nafea J, Edbeib M, Notarte KIR, Huyop F, Yaakub H. Stability and antibacterial property of polyherbal mouthwash formulated using local ingredients. Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education. 2020;12(3):288-96.

Photo
Ratika Naik
Corresponding author

Department of pharmaceutics, Rani Chennamma college of pharmacy, Belgaum

Photo
Udaykumar Bolmal
Co-author

Department of pharmaceutics, Rani Chennamma college of pharmacy, Belgaum

Photo
Sahana Khavakatoppa
Co-author

Department of pharmaceutics, Rani Chennamma college of pharmacy, Belgaum

Photo
Aman Yadav
Co-author

Department of pharmaceutics, Rani Chennamma college of pharmacy, Belgaum

Photo
Vidya Morya
Co-author

Department of pharmaceutics, Rani Chennamma college of pharmacy, Belgaum

Photo
Pratibha Rhatole
Co-author

Department of pharmaceutics, Rani Chennamma college of pharmacy, Belgaum

Photo
Shrutika Chougule
Co-author

Department of pharmaceutics, Rani Chennamma college of pharmacy, Belgaum

Photo
Apoorva Vanakundre
Co-author

Department of pharmaceutics, Rani Chennamma college of pharmacy, Belgaum

Ratika Naik*, Udaykumar Bolmal, Sahana Khavakatoppa, Apoorva Vanakundre, Pratibha Rhatole, Vidya Morya, Aman Yadav, Shrutika Chougule, Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Mouthwash Containing Areca Nut, Betel Leaf and Clove Oil, Int. J. Sci. R. Tech., 2026, 3 (4), 242-253. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19477944

More related articles
Visible Spectrophotometric Method for the Estimati...
B. Rama Madhuri, Dr. P. V. Madhavi Latha, M. Swapna, ...
Review on EMG based Hand Gesture Recognition using...
Devika K. P., Shyna Nazar, Aswini Dutt, Lekshmy S., ...
Bridging Global Evidence and Local Realities: A Re...
Nidhi Pathak, Dr. Pavitra Bajpai, ...
A Unified Video Content Understanding Framework for Youtube and Local Videos wit...
M. Manjunath, M. Shashank, Sai Gagan Tej K. B. , C. Sharath Vamshi, Srisailanath, ...
Formulation and Evaluation of Anti- Bacterial Moringa Soap...
Anil Panchal, Nalawade Mahesh, Vishal Madankar, ...