Ketaki Khandave * 1
Mahadev Mundhe 2
Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) is a medical condition where the red blood cells of a fetus are destroyed by maternal IgG antibodies that target antigens inherited from the father.The primary issue related to Rh incompatibility is hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN), which can develop during pregnancy. Typically, there is no direct mixing of maternal and fetal blood. However, if some Rh+ blood from the fetus enters the bloodstream of an Rh− mother through the placenta, the mother will start producing anti-Rh antibodies. Since the most significant chance of fetal blood entering the maternal circulation is during delivery, the firstborn child is usually unaffected. If the mother becomes pregnant again, her anti-Rh antibodies can cross the placenta and reach the fetus. If the fetus is Rh−, there’s no concern, as Rh− blood lacks the Rh antigen. Conversely, if the fetus is Rh+, this can lead to agglutination and hemolysis due to the incompatibility between maternal and fetal blood. An injection of anti-Rh antibodies, known as anti-Rh gamma globulin (RhoGAM®), can be administered to prevent hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN). Rh− women should receive RhoGAM® prior to delivery and shortly after each delivery, miscarriage, or abortion. These antibodies attach to and neutralize fetal Rh antigens before the mother’s immune system has a chance to react by producing its own anti-Rh antibodies. HDN is estimated to affect 3 to 8 individuals per 100,000 patients each year. Before the introduction of anti-D prophylaxis, it caused fetal loss in 1% of pregnancies. The occurrence of HDN is closely linked to the inheritance pattern in females that leads to the absence of the Rhesus (D) antigen, and its incidence varies by ethnicity. Research shows that white individuals have the highest prevalence, while Asians and American Indians have the lowest, as shown in Table 1. Additionally, among the various Rh antigens, the D antigen is the most immunogenic. It's estimated that around 10% of pregnant white women are Rh incompatible Due to its high prevalence and characteristics, HDN has been the subject of extensive research, with new studies emerging annually that shed light on various aspects of the disorder. This review summarizes HDN in terms of its etiology, diagnosis, and management, incorporating the latest findings from 2021 and discussing trends and prospects to support evidence-based medical practice and further research. Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn [ Erythroblastosis Fetalis ] encompasses three main clinical forms:
(a) hydrops fetalis,
(b) severe jaundice in newborns, and
(c) hemolytic anemia in newborns.
The likelihood of severe hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN) is influenced by various factors, such as the subclass of IgG, the specificity and titer of the antibodies, and how much of the relevant antigen is present on the fetal red blood cells. While anti-Rh17 antibodies are primarily associated with severe cases of HDFN, there have been instances where the condition was mild.
10.5281/zenodo.15097530