Abstract
Cancer remains one of the leading global health challenges, characterized by uncontrolled cellular proliferation, genetic instability, and the potential for metastasis. cancers are broadly classified into carcinomas, sarcomas, leukemias, lymphomas, myelomas and mixed type cancer. The etiology of cancer involves a Multifactorial interplay between genetic mutations, environmental exposures, lifestyle factors, And infectious agents. Mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, alongside chronic Exposure to carcinogens, initiate and promote malignant transformation. Preventive measures are categorized into primary, secondary, and tertiary levels, emphasizing lifestyle modification, Vaccination, early detection through screening, and post-treatment rehabilitation. Chemotherapy remains a cornerstone of cancer therapy, utilizing diverse drug classes such as alkylating agents, antimetabolites, mitotic inhibitors. Recent advances, Including immunotherapy, nanotechnology-based drug delivery, and precision oncology, have Revolutionized cancer management by enhancing selectivity and reducing systemic toxicity. Furthermore, gene-editing tools such as CRISPR/Cas9 and artificial intelligence applications in diagnostics signify promising future directions. Collectively, these multidisciplinary Approaches underscore the importance of integrating prevention, early diagnosis, and Personalized treatment to improve global cancer outcomes.
Keywords
Oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, prevention strategies, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, precision oncology, CRISPR technology, nanomedicine
Introduction
Cancer: -
Cancer represents a group of diseases characterized by the abnormal and uncontrolled Proliferation of cells that invade and destroy surrounding tissues and can metastasize to distant Organs. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death globally, responsible for nearly 10 million Deaths in 2022, accounting for one in six deaths worldwide [1]. The global burden of cancer continues to rise due to population aging, lifestyle changes, and exposure to carcinogenic factors. The most prevalent cancers include breast, lung, colorectal, and prostate cancers, with lung cancer being the leading cause of mortality [2]. Early diagnosis and effective treatment are crucial for improving survival outcomes, as most cancers exhibit better prognoses when detected in early stages. Cancer Can be classified according to various criteria, including histogenesis, tissue of origin, Molecular profile, and clinical behavior [3].
- Types of Cancer: -
Pallavi Ghankar*
10.5281/zenodo.17720050