The Role of Journalism in Supporting National Security in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq

Journalism is a fundamental pillar of modern democratic societies, serving as a conduit for information, transparency, and accountability. In the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI), journalism assumes an even greater significance amid complex political, social, and security challenges arising from internal divisions, external threats, and post-conflict reconstruction. This paper investigates how journalism contributes to national security in KRI, with a focus on Erbil and Sulaymaniyah, the two largest cities and media hubs. The relationship between journalism and national security in this context highlights the critical role that media plays in shaping public discourse and fostering a sense of community (Abdula et al., 2025; Aivas et al., 2025). By examining the unique dynamics of local media outlets and their responses to regional challenges, we can better understand how informed citizens can navigate the complexities of their environment and contribute to stability and peace. This understanding not only empowers individuals but also encourages a more engaged citizenry that can hold authorities accountable. As local journalists continue to adapt to evolving political landscapes, their work remains essential in promoting transparency and fostering dialogue among diverse groups within society (Salih et al., 2025; Hameed et al., 2025; Raoof et al., 2025).

1.1 Research Problem

How does journalism contribute to strengthening national security in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, considering the prevailing political, security, and societal challenges in Erbil and Sulaymaniyah? This inquiry aims to explore the role of media in fostering resilience and public awareness amidst these challenges. By examining case studies and interviews with local journalists, we can gain insights into how effective reporting can enhance civic engagement and inform policy decisions related to national security (Aziz et al., 2025).

1.2 Research Importance

Importance Understanding the strategic role of journalism in KRI contributes to national security policy development, supports democratic resilience, and counters destabilizing forces such as disinformation and extremism (McCombs & Shaw, 1972; Hamasalih et al., 2025; Palani et al., 2025). This understanding not only highlights the importance of a free press in a democratic society but also underscores the need for targeted training and resources for journalists. As they navigate complex narratives, their ability to report accurately and responsibly becomes vital in shaping public perception and fostering informed discourse. This research highlights journalism’s strategic role in building a secure society in KRI and provides evidence-based recommendations to enhance media’s contribution to national security, supporting democratic development and stability.

1.3 Objectives

• The study aims to investigate how journalism contributes to public safety and awareness.
• The aim is also to evaluate the level of editorial focus on national security.
• The study also aims to offer suggestions for improving the influence of journalism on security discourse.

1.4 Outline

The study covers theoretical background, methodology, data analysis, and policy recommendations.

1.5 Scope of Research

The research focuses on Erbil and Sulaymaniyah’s media environments, primarily analyzing Rudaw and Kurdistani Nwe newspapers.

1.6 Population and Sampling

 The sample includes selected articles from Rudaw and Kurdistani Nwe, published during critical events (e.g., the ISIS conflict, the 2017 referendum, and protests).

1.7 Definition of Key Concepts

National security: Protection of state and society from internal and external threats (Buzan, 1991).

Journalism: The collection, analysis, and dissemination of information to the public.

 2. Literature Review

 2.1 Media’s Influence on National Security

Previous studies highlight the critical role of media in shaping public perception and national stability, particularly in conflict zones (Wolfsfeld, 2004). The media acts as both a watchdog and a platform for discourse, influencing policy agendas and security narratives (Norris, 2008). However, most research on media and security focuses on Western contexts or Middle Eastern war zones (e.g., Syria, Iraq) without specifically addressing the unique dynamics of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI) (Ali et al., 2025, Rasul et al., 2025).

While some studies examine Iraqi media post-2003 (Zanger, 2015), there is limited academic focus on Kurdish media’s role in national security. The KRI’s semi-autonomous status, complex relations with Baghdad, and internal political divisions (e.g., between the Kurdistan Democratic Party [KDP] and Patriotic Union of Kurdistan [PUK]) create a distinct media landscape that requires deeper analysis (Muhamad et al., 2021; Nasih et al., 2024; Bakhtyar et al., 2021).

2.2 Gaps in Research on Kurdish Journalism and Security

Existing literature on Kurdish media primarily explores press freedom (Amin, 2019) or political bias (Bajalan, 2020), but few studies investigate how journalism contributes to counterterrorism, social cohesion, or crisis communication—key aspects of national security. Additionally, there is little comparative analysis of media practices in Erbil (KDP-dominated) versus Sulaymaniyah (PUK-influenced), despite their differing approaches to security reporting.

2.3 Theoretical Framework

This study employs two key theories:

1. Agenda-Setting Theory (McCombs & Shaw, 1972)

• The theory explains how the media prioritizes certain security issues, such as terrorism and economic instability, thereby influencing public and governmental responses.
• In the KRI, media outlets may amplify or downplay threats based on political affiliations, affecting security policies.

2. Securitization Theory (Buzan et al., 1998)

• Securitization Theory (Buzan et al., 1998) broadens the scope of national security beyond military threats to encompass societal, economic, and informational security.
• Kurdish media’s portrayal of issues (e.g., protests, foreign interventions) can either reinforce or challenge securitization narratives.

2.4 Comparative Media Landscapes: Erbil vs. Sulaymaniyah

• Erbil (KDP Influence): Media tends to align with government narratives, emphasizing stability and counterterrorism (Ahmad, 2021).
• Sulaymaniyah (PUK Influence): More critical journalism, with stronger civil society engagement but also greater factionalism (Hama, 2022).
• This divide influences the reporting of security threats, potentially leading to fragmented public perceptions.

2.5 Ethical Challenges and Risks

• Journalists in the KRI face censorship, intimidation, and partisan pressures (Reporters Without Borders, 2023).
• Balancing national security concerns with press freedom remains a key challenge.

While general studies on media and security exist, the Kurdish context remains underexplored, particularly in terms of how journalism either strengthens or destabilizes national security. This research will fill that gap by analyzing Erbil and Sulaymaniyah’s media ecosystems through agenda-setting and securitization frameworks.

 METHODOLOGY

 3.1 Research Design

This study employs a quantitative content analysis approach, combined with a comparative case study framework, to examine the role of journalism in national security in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI). The research focuses on the media environments of Erbil and Sulaymaniyah by quantitatively analyzing the content of two major media outlets with distinct political and journalistic leanings. The analysis will assess how these media outlets influence public perception and policy regarding security issues. Additionally, the study will consider the implications of media representation on the broader socio-political landscape of the KRI, highlighting the interplay between journalism and state power.

 Justification for Methodology:

• Case studies provide concrete examples of how journalism interacts with security dynamics. These examples will illustrate the varying impact of media narratives on public opinion and government actions. By examining specific incidents and reporting styles, the research aims to uncover patterns that reveal the complexities of media influence in a region marked by political tension and evolving security challenges.
• Comparative analysis between Erbil and Sulaymaniyah highlights regional differences in media influence. This approach enriches our understanding of local contexts and emphasizes the role of cultural factors in shaping media narratives. Ultimately, the findings may provide helpful tips to journalists and policymakers seeking to negotiate the complex relationship between media and security.

3.2 Data Collection Methods

3.2.1. Document Analysis

• Academic literature focuses on media, security, and Kurdish politics. In this context, document analysis serves as a foundational method for gathering relevant information, allowing researchers to evaluate existing narratives and their implications. By examining reports, articles, and policy papers, scholars can identify trends and gaps in the coverage of security issues, thus informing future media strategies and interventions.
• Reports from press freedom organizations:
  • Reporters Without Borders (RSF)
  • International Federation of Journalists (IFJ)
  • Kurdistan Journalists Syndicate (KJS)
  • Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ)
• Government and NGO reports on media regulation and security policies.

3.2.2. Media Content Analysis

• Sample selection: The sample consists of news articles and editorials selected from two prominent and politically distinct media platforms:
  • Rudaw Media Network: Content was selected from its digital news portal, representing a KDP-affiliated perspective.
  • Kurdistani Nwe Newspaper: Content was selected from its daily print edition, representing a PUK-affiliated perspective.

• Timeframe: Coverage during key security-related events:
  • The ISIS conflict from 2014 to 2017 highlighted how the media framed threats related to terrorism.
  • 2017 independence referendum Role of media in shaping nationalist discourse.
  • 2020-2023 protests Coverage of civil unrest and government responses.
• Themes analyzed:
  • The analysis focused on the framing of security threats such as terrorism, protests, and political instability.
  • Reporting often exhibits bias and political alignment.
  • The use of sensationalism contrasts with fact-based journalism.

• Survey (50+ respondents):
  • The public's perception of the credibility of media in security reporting remains unchanged.

3.2.3. Comparative Case Studies

3.3 Data Analysis Techniques

The data collected from both media outlets were analyzed using the following techniques:

Quantitative Content Analysis: This process involved systematically coding and measuring the frequency and volume of national security coverage in both Rudaw and Kurdistani Nwe. Key metrics included:

• The study also measured the percentage of total space devoted to security-related topics.
• The study also examined the distribution of coverage across various formats such as news, articles, and reports.
• The coverage focuses on specific themes such as political, military, or economic security.

Comparative Framework: A comparative framework was used to analyze and interpret the differences in coverage between the two outlets. This technique highlights how political affiliation and institutional priorities in Erbil and Sulaymaniyah shape the framing and prioritization of national security issues.

 3.4 Ethical Considerations

• Interviewees are anonymized due to the sensitivity of press freedom issues.
• The selection of sources should be balanced to avoid over-reliance on partisan outlets.
• We conduct fact-checking against multiple reports to minimize bias.

3.5 Limitations

• Access to government-restricted data on media censorship remains limited.
• Journalists might be reluctant to tackle politically delicate subjects.
• Language barriers exist, as some Kurdish sources may require translation.

 3.6 Expected Outcomes

• The study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the impact of Kurdish journalism on national security.
• The study aims to identify the best practices for ethical and effective security reporting.
• The study provides policy recommendations aimed at enhancing media-government relations in conflict-sensitive reporting.

4. Data Analysis

 4.1 Organizational Framework and Security Reporting

The examined publication follows a structured editorial model comprising seven distinct sections:

1. News and Politics
2. Social Affairs
3. Heritage
4. Miscellaneous
5. Sports
6. Literature & Arts

Each department operates under the supervision of an editorial board member, with operational support provided by non-editorial units, including marketing, administration, printing, and design teams.

Financial Structure:

The newspaper maintains a dual revenue model:

• The primary funding comes from the newspaper's associated political party.
• The newspaper also generates supplementary income through advertising, which sustains a substantial portion of its daily operations.

Brand Identity Evolution:

While originally lacking visual branding, the publication introduced its current slogan on April 22, 2007: "Rising every morning with the sun." This phrase incorporates solar imagery from the Kurdistan flag, representing:

• Daily renewal and fresh perspectives
• Intellectual enlightenment
• The newspaper's commitment to being a consistent informational resource for readers

The organizational and financial framework demonstrates how institutional structures influence the newspaper's capacity to report on national security matters, while the symbolic branding reflects its aspirational role in regional discourse.

 4.2 Comparative Analysis of National Security Coverage

A content analysis of two leading Kurdish newspapers reveals significant disparities in their treatment of national security issues:

Key Findings:

• Kurdistani Nwe allocates 7.49% of its total content to national security coverage.
• Rudaw dedicates substantially less at 3.59% (representing a 2:1 ratio).

Implications:

1. The marked difference in coverage volume suggests:
   • Divergent editorial priorities between publications
   • Potential variation in perceived audience interest
   • Distinct approaches to security journalism
2. Kurdistani Nwe's greater emphasis may reflect:
   • Stronger institutional focus on security matters
   • Different political alignments or funding influences
   • Alternative news valuation frameworks

This difference in how much content is given to security reporting shows that Kurdish media has different ways of handling these topics, which needs more research to understand why and how it affects public discussion.

Table 1: Coverage of National Security Topics

In contrast, Rudaw allocates 3.59% of its total space to national security topics, as shown below:

Table 2: Rudaw’s Coverage of National Security Topics

The data reveals a clear divergence in editorial priorities, with Kurdistani Nwe demonstrating significantly greater commitment to national security coverage compared to Rudaw. This disparity manifests in both the quantity and depth of reporting, suggesting fundamental differences in how the two publications conceptualize their role in security discourse. Kurdistani Nwe's almost double the amount of coverage (7.49% compared to 3.59%) suggests either (1) a stronger focus on security topics as a key part of their content or (2) different views on what "national security" means in their reporting. The pronounced gap may reflect underlying variations in political alignment, target audience expectations, or organizational mandates between the two news outlets. This quantitative difference in content prioritization has important implications for the shaping of public understanding and policy debates surrounding security issues in the Kurdistan region.

4.3 Geographic Focus of National Security Coverage

The analysis reveals both publications prioritize international security narratives, mirroring the Kurdistan Region's geopolitical reality as:

• A semi-autonomous entity with cross-border security dependencies
• A strategic actor in regional stability equations

Key Observations:

1. Transnational Orientation:
   • Rudaw's pronounced international focus (32%) suggests:
     • Stronger global security consciousness
     • Potential alignment with diaspora audiences
   • Both outlets demonstrate Iraq-centric coverage (combined 33-44%).
2. Domestic Balance:
   • Kurdistani Nwe maintains more equitable local-regional distribution
   • Rudaw shows threefold greater emphasis on federal Iraqi matters versus Kurdish regional issues.

This spatial analysis underscores how Kurdish media navigate complex security identities—simultaneously addressing local vulnerabilities while engaging global security discourses. The differential weighting may reflect:

• Editorial assessments of threat proximity
• Varying audience demographics
• Distinct geopolitical alignments

Table 3: Geographic Focus of National Security Coverage

4.4 Methodological Approaches to Security Reporting

The study reveals distinct journalistic practices in national security coverage between the two publications:

Key Findings:

1. Dominance of Straight News:
   • Both outlets prioritize breaking news formats for security coverage.
   • Reflects industry-standard emphasis on immediacy in security reporting
2. Divergent Analytical Depth:
   • Kurdistani Nwe demonstrates a stronger commitment to analytical content.
   • Maintains a balanced portfolio including:
     • Investigative reports (0.77% of total content)
     • Commentary articles (1.89%)
   • Rudaw shows preference for surface-level reporting (2.44% news vs. 0.81% articles).
3. Implications of Format Choices:
   • Kurdistani Nwe's approach facilitates:
     • Contextual understanding of security issues
     • Policy-oriented discourse development
   • Rudaw's model favors:
     • Rapid information dissemination
     • Event-driven coverage cycles

This methodological divergence This methodological distinction suggests that Kurdistani Nwe's explanatory model and Rudaw's information-focused approach have fundamentally different conceptions of journalism's role in security discourse. The variance may stem from:

• Editorial resource allocations
• Target audience expectations
• Institutional relationships with security stakeholders

Table 4: Journalistic Techniques in Security Coverage