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Abstract

Breast Cancer (BC) is a carcinoma of breast tissues, the major recurrent cancer in women and also the foremost cause of death with approximate 5 million annual deaths worldwide. Globally, women are diagnosed with breast cancer (BC) more often than any other malignancy. Four molecular subtypes of this heterogeneous disease luminal A, luminal B, HER2, and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) can be distinguished based on the expression of the progesterone and oestrogen receptors, as well as the overexpression of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). Endocrine and anti- HER2 medicines, which target these receptors, are the current personalised therapy for BC. These treatments, together with radiation and chemotherapy, can have serious side effects and cause patients to become resistant to the drugs. Furthermore, there are no established therapies for TNBC. Therefore, it is essential to have a deeper understanding of how new medications are developed that are more targeted and efficient in treating each BC subgroup.

Keywords

Breast cancer, Dendrimers,Drug targeting,Hydrogels, micelles

Introduction

One of the most prevalent malignancies impacting women worldwide is breast cancer. In 2021, there were 25,500 new cases of breast cancer and 40% of deaths connected to the disease were recorded. According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), there are over two million new instances of breast cancer and over five million deaths from the disease each year.  Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer among women globally. Even with the amazing advancements in detection and therapy, it remains the most deadly cancer. Breast cancer (BC) is mostly caused by the terminal duct of the lobule unit in the breast, which is lined by epithelial cells. It is possible to categorise these cancer cells as in situ (in the same location) or non-invasive. These cancer cells are found inside the basement membrane of the lobular unit’s terminal and draining duct parts. (1) Drug resistance and the possibility of metastasis to distant organs such lymph nodes, bone, lungs, and liver account for the bulk of breast cancer deaths. It is commonly recognized that the ATP-binding protean contributes significantly to drug resistance and a variety of cancers, and that a higher expansion of this protean is correlated with a higher level of chemotherapy resistance. Breast cancer is divided into four phases according to the tumour’s size, location, and metastatic proof. (2) The treatment approach is determined by the expression level of multidrug resistance transporters (MDR), which actively pump chemotherapy medicines out of cells and lower the intracellular drug dose below the threshold for death. Primary breast cancer is mostly treated with internal surgery, radiation therapy, and a variety of systemic adjuvant therapies. To get over non-specific uptake by non-targeted cells, certain restrictions such as lack of selectivity and cytotoxicity by non targeted cell techniques must be identified. Drugs that target specific molecular targets are effective in preventing the spread of cancer. Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), insulin-like growth factor binding proteins-3 (IGFBP-3), oestrogen receptor (ER), gene suppression by siRNA, and Aptamer are a few significant therapeutic targets in breast cancer. These focused treatments ought to enable high , A number of Nano technological techniques have been employed to enhance the precise delivery of a strong anticancer medication to breast cancer cells while minimising harmful effects on healthy tissues and preserving efficiency. The field of nanotechnology is creating a new class of more potent medicines.

  1. Some Risk Factor Responsible for Breat Cancer(93)
  1. Pathophysiology of Breast Cancer:

Breast cancer is a disease that is widespread throughout the world and affects both sexes and all races severely (4,5). The ductal and lobular epithelium are the two types of tissue in which cancerous abnormalities of the breast can arise. Malignant cells can also originate within the lobular (milk-producing) glands, despite the fact that the ductal epithelium is the primary source of most breast cancers.(5,6) Although certain proliferative and non-proliferative benign breast disorders can increase the risk of developing breast cancer, aberrations of other breast tissues, such as sarcomas and lymphomas, are not usually linked to breast cancer.(7) The cancer cells also have a few rough characteristics:

  • They have longer lives and, rather of dying, they keep growing and forming new, aberrant cells.
  • Other tissues can also be invaded by cancer cells. It is not possible for regular cells to achieve this. This characteristic is known as metastasis.
  • Tumours grown by cancer cells are nourished by a newly formed blood artery network. This process, known as angiogenesis, is special in that it keeps the cancer cells’ blood and nutrition supplies intact.(8)

2. Signs and Symptoms of breast cancer may include: (9)

  1. A breast that feels denser or heavier compared to the surrounding tissue.
  2. The skin around the nipple becomes pigmented, peels, flakes, or forms a crust.
  3. A nipple that appears suddenly twisted.
  4. Alterations in the breast skin, such as dimpling.
  5. A change in the size, shape, or appearance of the breast.
  6. The skin around the breasts resembles orange peel, appearing red or with pits.

3. Various Approaches For Targeting Breast Cancer:

In the therapy of breast cancer, drugs that interfere with specific molecular targets can increase specificity while reducing toxicity. In breast cancer, important treatment targets include HER2, VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor), IGFBP3 (insulin-like growth factor binding proteins3), ER (oestrogen receptor), and others. (10). VEGF induces angiogenesis, and ER expresses growth factors and functions as a transcription activator to create a substantial amount of breast cancer. Similarly, HER-2 and IGFB 3 are important players in the progression of breast cancer and, as such, provide promising targets for therapeutic intervention. Alternative approaches such as aptamer and siRNA may potentially target breast cancer. Breast cancer can be fought in a number of methods. (10).

  1. Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-2:-

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Nikita Andhale
Corresponding author

Student, Dr. Ithape Institute of Pharmacy, Sangamner. Tal- Sangamner, Dist- A. Nagar, 422605, India

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Eknath Unde
Co-author

Department Of the Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance Dr. Ithape Institute of Pharmacy, Sangamner. Tal- Sangamner, Dist- A.Nagar, 422605,India

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Monali Ghuge
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Student, Dr. Ithape Institute of Pharmacy, Sangamner. Tal- Sangamner, Dist- A. Nagar, 422605, India

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Sonali Ghuge
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Student, Dr. Ithape Institute of Pharmacy, Sangamner. Tal- Sangamner, Dist- A. Nagar, 422605, India

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Jayashri Gavande
Co-author

Student, Dr. Ithape Institute of Pharmacy, Sangamner. Tal- Sangamner, Dist- A. Nagar, 422605, India

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Neha Jadhav
Co-author

Student, Dr. Ithape Institute of Pharmacy, Sangamner. Tal- Sangamner, Dist- A. Nagar, 422605, India

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Urmilesh Jha. D.
Co-author

Department Of the Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance Dr. Ithape Institute of Pharmacy, Sangamner. Tal- Sangamner, Dist- A.Nagar, 422605,India

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Dr. Avinash Mansuk
Co-author

Department Of the Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance Dr. Ithape Institute of Pharmacy, Sangamner. Tal- Sangamner, Dist- A.Nagar, 422605,India

Nikita Andhale*, Eknath Unde, Monali Ghuge, Sonali Ghuge, Jayashri Gavande, Neha Jadhav, Dr. Avinash Mansuk, Urmilesh Jha. D., A Comprehensive Review: Novel Drug Approaches in The Breast Cancer Treatment, Int. J. Sci. R. Tech., 2025, 2 (3), 656-675. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15109810

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