Formulation And Characterization Of Herbal Syrup Containing Terminalia Chebula For Respiratory Health

Respiratory infections affect millions of individuals worldwide each year, making them a major public health concern. They encompass a variety of issues that impede the effective exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen in our lungs. The nose, airways, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, and the breathing muscles are all part of the respiratory system. Infections, inflammation, or chronic illnesses like asthma and chronic bronchitis can arise when any of these components malfunction.(Smruti, 2021).

Airway infection, coughing, lung disease, asthma, and different breathing issues are delivered on by a physical or physiological barrier in the airways of the body (Molynex & Morice, 2011). Conversational allopathic medications, such as antibiotics, respiratory medications, antitussive agents, and steroidal antimicrobials, seem to act as sympathetic relief, but may have negative side effects after a long time. Because they are less harmful and more effective according to scientific and medical data, herbal alternatives draw greater concern (Smuti, 2021).

Terminalia chebula, which is referred to as chebulic myrobalan or haritaki, is an occurring herb with an essential role via ayurveda and respiratory wellness medicine. It contains plant compounds like tannins, gallic acid, and chebulagic acid, which have strong anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant capacities (Alli & Khan, 2009; Ikram et al.,2022). In real terms, these pharmaceutical measures aid within the treatment of problems with respiration where oxidative stress and inflammatory factors are leading factors. In citric acid-induced cough laboratory animals, it is easy to see that T. chebula extract has resilient antitussive efficacy, signalling both central and peripheral based modes of efficacy (Nosalova et al., 2013).

Following these results being favourable, there is still a substantial understanding gap in regard to the direct therapeutic benefit, standardisation, and dosage balancing of T. chebula in respiratory illnesses. Systematic trials on people tend to be rare, and laboratory or observational studies make up a great deal of accessible work. On top of that, different extraction techniques and local chemotypes might deliver multiple pharmacological advantages    (Abiri et al., 2023). For us to set T. chebula as a verified and standardised herbal remedy for cough and respiratory disorders, next studies should concentrate on controlled medical tests, molecular basis elucidation, and integrating investigations using other herbal or traditional drugs.

COUGH: BACKGROUND OF CLINICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Cough is a defensive reflex who clarifies the airways of phlegm and irritant substances; technically, it can be an acute, self-limiting symptom or a chronic, long-lasting illness that seriously lowers level of life.(Irwin & Madison, 2000). Although a wide variety has to be taken into account for refractory patients, upper airway mediated cough sickness (post-nasal drip), asthma (like a cough-variant asthma), or gastro-oesophageal reflux illness are the primary causes of chronic cough (Morice, 2002). Pathophysiologically, cough involves an afferent vagal sensory limb, central processing in the brainstem (modifiable by cortical input), and an efferent motor limb producing the expulsive maneuver; many chronic coughs show a state of cough reflex hypersensitivity, explaining persistent symptoms despite treatment of obvious airway disease (Irwin & Madison, 2000; Morice et al., 2006).

Physiology of cough :-

Ref:- (Irwin & Madison, 2000; Deepak, S. 2010, Morice et al, 2006)

TERMINALIA CHEBULA'S BIOCHEMICAL COMPONENTS

Pharmacological actions of Terminalia chebula are caused by phytohormones, primarily tannins, phenolic acids, flavonoids, a glycosides, and alkaloids (Rathinamoorthy & Thilagavathi, 2014).  However, hydrophilic tannins, chebulinic acid, and gallic acid appear as having the most potent, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory capacities (Ali & Khan, 2009; Sultan et al., 2023).

However, it seems as though water-soluble tannins, gallic acid, and chebulinic acid are thought to have the most biologic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties (Venkatesan et al., 2017). Fruits that include terpenoids, saponins, and anthraquinones appear to work in concert to regulate both oxidative and inflammatory reactivity (Rathinamoorthy & Thilagavathi, 2014; Sultan et al., 2023). This can be understood as the phytochemical profile of T. chebula establishes strong evidence for its use in coughs and respiratory disorders.(Ali & Khan, 2009; Sultan et al., 2023).

Cough-Linked Pharmacological Activities

The ethyl acetate fraction, especially of Terminalia chebula, has been tested to reduce cough severity and prolong duration, suggesting a proper and safe approach (ul Haq et al., 2013; Gairola et al., 2010).This article can be interpreted as T's phytochemical properties. Terminalia chebula has crucial antitussive, expectorant, and lung dilatory qualities that support its standard of care in the treatment of respiratory ailments, according to empirical and clinical data. (ul Haq et al., 2013).

Another observe that Terminalia chebula's tannins and polyphenols have antioxidant and inflammation-suppressive effect able to lessen mucus secretion and airway discomfort (Rathinamoorthy & Thilagavathi, 2014; Venkatesan et al., 2017).

This fraction's efficacy as managing cough-related respiratory illnesses is further supported by its capacity to combat typical respiratory pathogens like Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae (Venkatesan , 2017; Sultan , 2023). Its effectiveness in treating cough as well as associated breathing problems is explained by a complex mechanism which integrates antioxidant defence, anti-inflammatory action, and mucosal protection (Gairola , 2010;  Rathinamoorthy & Thilagavathi, 2014).

Respiratory Health linked

Pharmacological Activities of Terminalia chebula

The classical usage of Terminalia Chebula to treat cough & respiratory problems is helped by a variety of therapeutic properties. Their anti-inflammatory capacity indicate to have ability to inhibit oxidative distress, cytokine release, and NLRP3 inflammasome synthesis, which lessens mucosal irritation and airway oedema. (Venkatesan et al., 2017,Chittasupho et al., 2024). The fact that phenolic and tannins, such as chebulinic acid and chebulagic acid, exist potent free radical scavengers that shield the lungs from oxidative injury and allergic inflammation can be crucial (Rathinamoorthy & Thilagavathi, 2014; Sultan et al., 2023).

Numerous studies displayed that Terminalia chebula has potent expectorant and antitussive properties can reduce cough severity and prevalence without causing drowsiness or dependence. Conventional central antitussives are not like this (ul Haq et al., 2013; Gairola et al., 2010). Additionally, its bronchodilator activity may be helpful in preventing the production of histamine and repairing mast cells in the airways, hence reducing bronchial spasms in asthmatics and bronchitis patients ( Sreedharan, Suryawanshi & Bhapkar, 2022; Sultan et al., 2023).

Terminalia chebula: A Mechanistic  Overview on Respiratory Health

One aspect of Terminalia chebula's medicinal application for cough and respiratory ailments is its ability to enhance various biomechanisms. The herb's main phenolic and tannins-chebulagic, chebulinic, and gallic acid-are powerful antioxidants that defend the epithelial layers of this the airways by oxidative harm ( Sultan et al., 2023; Rathinamoorthy & Thilagavathi, 2014).

This can be outlined in a finding that T. chebula can be indicated to normalise mast cells and reduce histamine release, thereby lessens the airway limiting associated with asthma and allergen-induced coughing (Jantrapirom et al., 2021; Sreedharan et al., 2022).

Its antibacterial qualities help to avoid upcoming infections.  In addition to preventing and thinning mucus to supply easier expulsion, an induced cough might be to calm sensitive mucosa (Gairola et al., 2010; Venkatesan et al., 2017).

When taken as a whole, these steps highlight the multi-dimensional defence on the airways that adheres to both conventional and scientific therapeutic approaches (Sultan et al., 2023; Ram & Baghel, 2015).

Pathways of  Mechanism

Respiration  Irritant / Infection ⬇ Oxidative distress with release of  Cytokine ⬇ Inflammation in the Airway  & Mucosal harm ⬇ T. Chebula chemical ingredient ( Chebulinic acid) ⬇ • Antioxidative reaction (⬇ ROS & tissue damage) • Inflammatory reducing activity ( ⬇ TNF-α, IL-1β) • Impact on mast cell regulation (⬇ Histamine secretion) • Anti-Infective qualities (⬇ Airways pathogens) ⬇ ⬇ Airway Hyperreactivity & ⬇ Mucus Thickening ⬇ Control of Cough & Improved Breathing

Ref:-Ashwini (2011) &  Jantrapirom,  (2021).

MATERIALS AND METHOD

Plant collection and Authentication:  Dried fruit of Terminalia chebula ( Chebulic Myrobalan or Haritaki) and dried Fruit of Elettaria Cardamomum in  march 2026  purchased from local crude drug supplier of Supela ,Bhilai and must be authenticated by Department the Botany, Govt V.Y.PG .autonomous College, Durg .

Terminalia chebula (Active Ingredient ): Terminalia chebula has phytoconstituents, mainly tannins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, glycosides and alkaloids, which are responsible for their pharmacological effects (Rathinamoorthy & Thilagavathi, 2014). On the other hand, it seems that hydrolysable tannins,  chebulinic acid and gallic acid are considered the most bioactive and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.(Ali & Khan, 2009; Sultan et al., 2023)

Cardamom Powder (Flavoring Agent): Elettaria cardamomum is a member of the Zingiberaceae family. Its dried seeds are ground up to make cardamom powder (Venkatesan et al., 2017). Cardamom improves the taste of cough syrups, which makes people more likely to take them. It also helps with digestion and makes you feel calm. It is a common flavouring in herbal preparations because it comes from nature (Rathinamoorthy & Thilagavathi, 2014; Sultan et al., 2023).

CHEMICALS & OTHER INGREDIENTS:

2. Sodium Benzoate (Preservative):- Sodium benzoate, a chemical substance, is frequently utilised in the food, pharmaceutical, along with cosmetic sectors. Sodium benzoate is a benzoic acid salt that is employed as an important food preservative against bacteria, fungus, and yeast. Its natural pH is 4.5. This substance is also suitable for usage in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries (Shahmohammadi,2016).  In the pharmaceutical sector, sodium benzoate is used in syrups, liquid preparation containers, tablet preparation, and at 0.2 to 0.4% to make tablets transparent and smooth, as well as to allow quick tablet breakdown (Sreedharan, Suryawanshi & Bhapkar, 2022).

3. Glycerin (Humectant):- Glycerin also termed as glycerol, has become one of the   best adaptable as well as extensively utilised substances. It is said to have more than 1500 known final utilises within the chemical, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic domains (Eccles, 2017). The majority of cough syrups contain glycerol, which is sometimes solely viewed  as a thickener or solvent. Nevertheless, because of its unique qualities of lubricating, demulcency, sweetness, and humectant action, glycerol could be a major factor for the effectiveness in cough syrups (De Paepe, K. 2016).

4. Syrup Base (Vehicle / Sweetening Medium) : The base of the syrup is usually a concentrated sugar solution that is used to spread out the active ingredients (Jantrapirom et al., 2021; Sreedharan et al., 2022). By enhancing the viscosity, sweetness, and overall mouthfeel of the formulation, it increases patient acceptance (Sultan et al., 2023; Ram & Baghel, 2015).

5. Citric Acid  (Preservative / Acidulant):- Citric acid, which comes from citrus fruits, is an acidulant and mild preservative in liquid formulations (Solaiyappan et al., 2025). Citric acid, which comes from citrus fruits, is an acidulant and mild preservative in liquid formulations(Sreedharan, Suryawanshi & Bhapkar, 2022).

Additionally, they aid in reducing nausea, enhancing mineral absorption, and relieving sore throats (Reddy, C. K.,2016).

6. Distilled Water (Diluent / Solvent): Distilled water is water that has been cleaned by distillation and has no ions, impurities, or living things (Lee ., 2005; Cheng ., 2003).  It is the main solvent in pharmaceutical formulations, which means it makes sure that the ingredients mix and dissolve in the right way (Morice, 2002).

Procedure Method:-

1. Raw Material Handling: The first step in the process, high-quality fruits of Chebulic Myrobalan  (Haritaki) are to be procured. These raw fruits are thoroughly washed to remove dust, trash, and other unwanted plant materials from them .

2. Extraction (Decoction Method): The preparation technique was referred to as the "traditional decoction principle" (Deepak, S. 2010).  10 grams of dried T. chebula powder were blended with the adequate purified water and heated up for one hour at a temperature between 60 and 100°C to promote the dissolution of the active phytoconstituents in water. After filtering using filter paper, gather Terminalia chebula's active phytoconstituent.

Fig: Extraction of Terminalia Chebula

Formulation steps:-

Weigh 10 g Terminalia chebula powder → add 100 mL water

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Boil → reduce to 25-30 mL → filter (extract obtained)

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Prepare syrup base → dissolve 35 g sugar in 35 mL water → cool

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Mix extract + syrup base + 5 mL glycerin.

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Add 0.1 g sodium benzoate & adjust pH 3.8–4.2 with citric acid

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Add cardamom 0.05- 0.1 g (flavour) → mix → filter (make final volume 100ml)

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Fill in sterilized amber bottle

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label → store cool & dark.

Evaluation:-

1. Organoleptic Properties:

Fig. organoleptic test

2. PH Determination: 2 mL of prepared Terminalia Chebula syrup was taken into a Petri dish. After that, a pH litmus paper was dipped into the 2ml solution. The observed pH was found to be 4.5 to 5.5

Fig. pH determination

3. Viscosity (simple method): The thickness of the syrup was measured using an Ostwald viscometer. However, at that time, the viscosity was determined by comparing the flow times of syrup and distilled water. Finally observed that formulated syrup is thicker than water.

Fig:- Determination of Viscosity

4. Density : We used a specific gravity bottle to find out how dense the formulation was. We figured out the specific gravity and wrote down the weights of the empty, water-filled, and syrup-filled bottles.

Fig:  Determination of Density .

5. Stability Study: We used a specific gravity bottle to find out how dense the formulation was. We figured out the specific gravity and wrote down the weights of the empty, water-filled, and syrup-filled bottles.

The result found 7 days later was that the syrup had the same stability.

The viscosity of syrup was found  to be  1.859 mPa·s (millipascal second) or cP (centipoise)  after the calculation at room temperature.

RESULT AND DECISION

The formulated herbal syrup of Terminalia Chebula was found to be dark brown, smell characteristic, and taste sweet & mildly astringent. The formulation was non-transparent, clear and didn't have any particles in it. The formulation is denser than the water and more viscosity about 1.8591.859 mPa·s  than water. The syrup's pH is between about 4.5 and 5.5, which is the permitted range. Nothing important changed during the stability studies of 7-day time intervals in their pre-monitored properties.

This study found that the herbal formulations prepared had an antitussive effect. The herbal cough mixture includes selecting components that have been shown to prevent and treat coughs. Syrup meets all physical characteristics and offers considerably good results that ensure that the formulation has antitussive and cough suppressant action.

Overall available studies of T. chebula formulation is safe when used at prescribed therapeutic doses, with minimal toxicity and a favorable safety margin, making it a suitable plant-based option for long-term respiratory health support.

CONCLUSION

Specifically, it has been mentioned in the research studies that Terminalia chebula ( Haritaki), has shown great potential in the management of cough and respiratory ailments. It has been observed that in the case of cough and respiratory ailments, Haritaki has shown varied mechanisms such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, muco-servative, mast cell stabilizing, and immune mechanisms.Clinical efficacy and formulation evidence, including the use of compounds like Vyaghri haritaki Avaleha or Triphala, has shown signs of the effectiveness 

of this herb in reducing the occurrences of cough, aiding in expectoration, and relieving discomfort in respiration with a safe action of the herb in the doses.Even so, despite such encouraging results, the existing studies are impaired by a small sample size for human clinical studies and unstandardised formulations of the plant extracts used, as well as a lack of large-scale controlled trials.When considering utilising Terminalia chebula as a widely accepted and scientifically proven respiratory medication, various clinical trials could be aimed at establishing the dosage levels and pharmacokinetics of the medication. Overall,  possible reason for this is that Terminalia chebula is a useful herb-based phytomedicine, which has strong traditional bases as well as modern pharmacological backing; thus, its use is entitled to a high potential for integration into the evidence-based treatment of respiratory health.

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