Automated Convenient Wrist Mobilizer for Stretching Exercises

Stroke or Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA), caused by the occlusion or rupture of cerebral blood vessels is the leading cause of neurological disability worldwide. It has been estimated that among the children who survive, between 50% and 80% will exhibit permanent upper extremity sensorimotor deficits. The two most prevalent long-term impairments seen due to CVA are hemiparesis, which is weakness of the entire left or right side of the body, and hemiplegia, which is total or partial paralysis of one side of the body. These conditions tend to be accompanied by impaired motor coordination, muscle weakness, and impairment of the affected arm's sensory mechanisms. Functional loss of mobility due to hemiplegia has a significantly negative impact on the ability to perform activities of daily living such as reaching and grasping and object manipulation. CVA patients frequently exhibit spasticity and contractures of the elbow, wrist, and finger muscles in addition to hemiplegia.¹ Spasticity has been narrowly defined as a motor disorder characterized by velocity dependent increase in tonic stretch reflexes (muscle tone) with exaggerated tendon jerks.² Physical, occupational therapy and different type of spasticity reduction orthosis play significant roles in the management of spasticity. Several interventions with vastly different proposed mechanisms have been and continue to be utilized to decrease spasticity.³ Stretching is a therapeutic intervention aimed at elongating pathologically shortened or tightened soft tissues to reduce spasticity and improve flexibility. Stretching techniques are broadly classified into passive stretching, proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF), and self-stretching. Passive stretching may be performed manually by a therapist or mechanically using external devices; manual stretching is typically applied for 15–30 seconds, extendable up to 60 seconds based on patient tolerance, whereas mechanical stretching involves low-intensity, prolonged application ranging from 20 minutes to several hours using devices such as serial casts, pulleys, dynamic splints, traction, or tilting tables. PNF techniques utilize neuromuscular facilitation to enhance muscle extensibility and include hold-relax, contract-relax, and slow-reversal methods. Self-stretching is performed independently by the patient under therapeutic guidance and follows principles similar to passive stretching, contributing to improved neuromuscular facilitation and muscle relaxation⁴. There have been few reports on wrist stretching machines. Matthias Panny et al. (2020) developed a machine for restoring wrist function, offering wrist exercises incorporating pronation-supination and flexion-extension movement. The machine was designed for the assessment of joint stiffness in wrist and provide range of motion in two degrees of freedom.⁵ V. Squeri et al. (2014) developed a machine for restoring wrist functionality in chronic stroke patients. A haptic three DOF (degree of freedom) robot has been used to quantify motor impairment and assist wrist and forearm articular movements: flexion/extension, abduction/ adduction, pronation/ supination.⁶ Hassanin Al- Fahaam et al. (2016) developed a pneumatic soft wrist stretching device. It has three modes of rehabilitation exercises in the exoskeleton are involved: flexion/extension, radial/ulnar deviation, and circular movements.⁷ The above-mentioned devices are very advanced, expensive and designed with complex mechanism. Due to high cost, it is very difficult to use in every clinical set up and not affordable to procure by the user. Keeping in view the above, it was decided to develop a wrist mobilizer prototype which is simple in design, operation and is lightweight and affordable to patients suffering from wrist spasticity.

METHODOLOGY:

The wrist mobilizer consists of the electrical components and the wrist hand orthosis which was fabricated of 3mm Polypropylene sheet designed to place the assembled electrical components. The orthosis was fabricated on a model of a wrist hand mold made from plaster casting and modification. For moulding, a dummy of the same dimension of the assembled electrical components was placed on the positive mold and was moulded. The wrist hand splint contains two parts, a dorsal forearm shell having space for accommodating the assembled electrical components and a palmar hand piece which is attached to the forearm shell near the wrist styloid process by rivets which acts as an articulation and helps in movement of the wrist joint with the splint. For fabrication of the electrical components for the wrist mobilizer following electrical components were selected which consists of ESP32 (microcontroller), Servomotor, Battery and an on/off switch.