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Abstract

Etoposide is a semisynthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin widely used as a chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of various malignancies such as lung cancer, testicular cancer, lymphomas, and leukemias. Despite its proven clinical efficacy, its therapeutic use is limited due to poor aqueous solubility, variable oral bioavailability, systemic toxicity, and the development of multidrug resistance. Conventional dosage forms of etoposide often fail to achieve optimal therapeutic outcomes and are associated with severe side effects. Liposomal drug delivery systems have emerged as a promising approach to overcome these challenges by improving solubility, protecting the drug from degradation, prolonging circulation half-life, enhancing tumor accumulation through the enhanced permeability and retention effect, and reducing systemic adverse effects.This review article provides a detailed discussion on the formulation and evaluation of liposomal drug delivery systems for etoposide. It highlights the fundamental challenges of conventional etoposide therapy, the design and preparation of liposomes, and the formulation strategies employed to optimize etoposide-loaded liposomes. In addition, key evaluation parameters such as particle size, zeta potential, drug entrapment efficiency, stability, and release kinetics are discussed in detail. Preclinical and clinical findings are summarized to illustrate the therapeutic advantages of liposomal etoposide. Furthermore, the article explores recent advancements in targeted and stimuli-responsive liposomes, challenges in large-scale development, and future directions in cancer nanomedicine. By integrating current scientific insights with critical evaluation, this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the role of liposomal delivery systems in enhancing the therapeutic potential of etoposide and paving the way for improved patient outcomes in oncology.

Keywords

Etoposide, liposomes, anticancer therapy, drug delivery systems, nanomedicine, formulation, evaluation, pharmacokinetics, chemotherapy

Introduction

Cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide, representing a major global health challenge [1]. The management of cancer often involves chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery, or a combination of these modalities. Among these, chemotherapy plays a critical role, especially in metastatic or systemic malignancies. However, conventional chemotherapy is associated with several limitations, including poor selectivity, systemic toxicity, and the emergence of drug resistance [2]. These challenges significantly compromise therapeutic efficacy and patient quality of life.

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Rushikesh Nirgude
Corresponding author

Matoshri College of Pharmacy, Eklahare, Nashik

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Vedika Pagar
Co-author

Matoshri College of Pharmacy, Eklahare, Nashik

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Ragini Kadvekar
Co-author

Matoshri College of Pharmacy, Eklahare, Nashik

Rushikesh Nirgude*, Vedika Pagar, Ragini Kadvekar, Formulation and Evaluation of Etoposide Liposomal Drug Delivery Systems, Int. J. Sci. R. Tech., 2025, 2 (10), 410-427. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17444421

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